Difference between revisions of "Chevrolet Nova"

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{{Infobox Automobile
{{Infobox Automobile
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova.jpg|250px|2nd-gen Chevrolet Nova SS]]
|name=Chevrolet Astro
|boxcolor=darkgreen
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet-Astro-cargo.jpg|250px|2nd-gen Chevrolet Astro cargo van]]
|name=Chevrolet Nova
|manufacturer=[[General Motors]]
|manufacturer=[[General Motors]] (1962–1979)<Br>[[NUMMI]] (1985–88)
|production=1985–2005
|production=1962-1979<br />1985–1988
|class=[[Mini van]]
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]] (1962–1979)<br />[[Subcompact]] (1985–88)
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[Rear-wheel drive]] / [[All-wheel drive]]
|successor=[[Chevrolet Prizm]]
|platform=[[GM M platform|RWD M-body]]
|aka=GMC Safari
|body_style=3-door [[van]]
|transmission=4-speed [[Automatic Transmission|Automatic]],4 & 5-speed [[Manual Transmission|Manual]]
|assembly=[[Baltimore Assembly]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], [[USA]]
}}
}}
The '''Chevrolet Nova''' was an [[automobile]] produced in the [[United States]] from 1962 to 1979 by the [[Chevrolet]] division of [[General Motors]] and from 1985 to 1988 by the [[NUMMI]], a joint venture between General Motors and [[Toyota]]. In its original form it was the top model in the [[Compact car|compact]] Chevy II range and was marketed as the Chevrolet Chevy II Nova until the Chevy II name was dropped for the 1969 model year. In its latter form it was a [[front wheel drive]] [[subcompact car]] based on the Japanese [[Toyota Sprinter]]. 
==First/Second generation==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
{{Infobox Automobile generation
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova Coupe (Orange Julep).JPG|250px|Chevrolet Nova coupe]]
|name=First generation
|name=First generation
|aka=Chevy II
|image=[[Image:1st Chevrolet Astro.jpg|250px|Chevrolet Astro]]
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]]
| production = 1985-1994
|production=1962–1967
|engine=2.5L [[GM_Iron_Duke_engine#Tech_IV|Tech IV]] {{convert|98|hp|abbr=on}}[[Straight-4| I4]]<br>[[Chevrolet_90-Degree_V6_engine#LB1_and_LB4|4.3L]] [[GM Vortec engine#4300|4300]] {{convert|165|hp|abbr=on}} [[V6]]<br>[[Chevrolet_90-Degree_V6_engine#L35_CPI|4.3L]] 4300 {{convert|200|hp|abbr=on}} [[V6]]
|body_style=2-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />2-door [[hardtop]]<br />2-door [[convertible]]<br />4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />4-door [[station wagon]]
|height=1985-89: {{auto in|73.7|0}}<br>1985-89 Cargo Van SWB: {{auto in|74.5|0}}<Br>1990-91 SWB: {{auto in|74.9|0}}<br>1990-91 SWB: {{auto in|74.1|0}}<br>1992-94 Astro: {{auto in|76.2|0}}<bR>1992-94 Safari Cargo Van: {{auto in|76.1|0}}<br>1992-94 Safari SLX: {{auto in|76.4|0}}<br>1992-94 Safari 2WD LWB: {{auto in|76.6|0}}<br>1992-94 Safari Cargo Van AWD SWB: {{auto in|75.7|0}}<br>1992-94 Safari Cargo Van AWD LWB: {{auto in|76.0|0}}
|platform=
|length=SWB: {{auto in|176.8|0}}<br>LWB: {{auto in|186.8|0}}<Br>1992-94 Astro Cargo Van SWB: {{auto in|177.9|0}}<br>1992-94 Astro Cargo Van LWB: {{auto in|187.9|0}}
|engine={{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />{{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|I6]]<br />{{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]
|wheelbase={{auto in|111.0|0}}
|transmission=4-speed manual<br />3-speed manual<br />2-speed ''[[Powerglide]]'' automatic
|width={{auto in|77.0|0}}<Br>1992-94 Safari & Astro Cargo Van: {{auto in|77.5|0}}
|length=
|width=
|height=
|weight=
|wheelbase=
|assembly=[[Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield]], [[New Jersey]]<br />[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]], [[Massachusetts]]<br />[[Norwood, Ohio|Norwood]], [[Ohio]]<br />[[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[California]]<br />[[Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run]], [[Michigan]]<br />[[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
|related=
|layout=[[FR layout]]
}}
}}
[[Image:A 1963 Perennial station wagon IMG 8104.JPG|thumb|left|1963 Chevy II Nova station wagon]]
===1962–1965===
After the [[Rear-engine design|rear-engine]] [[Chevrolet Corvair]] was handily outsold by the conventional [[Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] in 1960, Chevrolet began work on a more conventional compact car that would eventually become the Chevy II. The original Chevy II was of [[unibody]] construction and was available in two-door [[coupe]] and four-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] configurations as well as [[convertible]] and [[station wagon]] versions. Trim levels in 1962 were the 100 Series, 300 Series and Nova 400 Series.<ref>John Gunnell, Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th edition, page 174</ref>
Available engines for the Chevy II included a {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] and a {{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} inline six. The [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#Generation 3|six-cylinder]] was actually the third generation engine, replacing the second generation Stovebolt. Rival manufacturer [[Chrysler]] had earlier developed the [[Chrysler Slant 6 engine|Slant Six]] in their [[Plymouth Valiant]], a Chevy II competitor, when the cars were introduced to the public in late 1959 as 1960 models.
Although the Nova was not originally available with a [[V8]] option, the engine bay was perfectly proportioned for one. It wasn't long before Chevrolet V8s were offered as dealer-installed options (between 1962 and 1963), up to and including the [[fuel injected]] version available in the [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette]]. The combination of readily available V8 power and light weight made the Nova a popular choice of [[drag racing|drag racers]].
In 1962 and 1963 the Nova was available in a [[convertible]] body style, and a two-door [[hardtop]] was available from 1962 to 1965, although the hardtop was dropped when the 1964 models were first introduced, and subsequently brought back to the line later in the model year. Like all Chevy two door hardtops, the body style was marketed as the Sport Coupe.
For 1963, the Chevy II Nova [[Super Sport]] was released. As mentioned above, Novas could not officially have V8 [[engine]]s at this time — the standard SS engine was the six-cylinder — but [[small-block]] V8 engine swaps were commonplace among enthusiasts. For 1964, the Chevy II's first factory V8 option was introduced, which was a {{convert|195|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8. In 1965, a {{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 was also available with up to {{convert|300|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.
===Second generation (1966–1967)===
1966 Novas saw a significant restyling, based in part on the Super Nova [[concept car]]. In general, proportions were squared up but dimensions and features changed little. Engine options still included the basic inline four and six-cylinder engines and V8s of {{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} (the latter offering now offering up to {{convert|350|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.
During this time, the {{convert|90|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine was only offered in the base Chevy II 100 series models with the {{convert|120|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} inline-six standard on the Nova and Super Sport models. In addition to the V8s, other optional engines included a {{convert|140|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder and a {{convert|155|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|six-cylinder]], the latter a new offering for 1967. For 1966, Super Sport (SS) models did not carry the Nova name, but were badged as Chevy II Super Sports. However the ’66 Chevy II sales brochure clearly promoted the SS as the “Chevrolet Chevy II Nova Super Sport”.<ref>[http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/main.php?g2_itemId=24007 1966 Chevrolet Chevy II brochure] Retrieved from www.oldcarbrochures.com on 20 November 2008</ref>
Although Chevy IIs had the same body for both these years, 1967 models carried significant improvements in the area of safety equipment. A government-mandated energy-absoring steering column and safety steering wheel, soft interior parts such as armrests and sun visors, recessed instrument panel knobs, and front shoulder belt anchors, were included in all 1967 models.
==Third generation==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
{{Infobox Automobile generation
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova 396 (Orange Julep).JPG ‎|250px|Chevrolet Nova 396]]
|name=Second generation
|n} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|396|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]
|image=[[Image:2nd-Chevrolet-Astro.jpg|250px|Second generation Chevrolet Astro]]
|transmission=3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br />4-speed ''M-21'' manual<br />4-speed ''M-22'' manual<br />4-speed [[Borg-Warner]] ''[[Borg-Warner T-5 transmission|T-5]]'' manual<br />2-speed ''[[Powerglide]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350]]'' automatic<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#TH400/3L80|THM400]]'' automatic
| production = 1995-2005
|length=
|engine=4.3 L {{convert|190|hp|abbr=on}} [[V6]]
|width=
|height=1995-96 Astro: {{auto in|75.9|0}}<br>1997-98 Astro: {{auto in|76.0|0}}<br>1995-96 Safari: {{auto in|76.2|0}}<br>1997-98/2002-03 Safari Cargo Van & 1999-2001 Astro Cargo Van 2WD: {{auto in|75.3|0}}<br>1997-2005 Safari & 2002-05 Astro: {{auto in|75.0|0}}<Br>1999-2001 Astro 2WD: {{auto in|74.9|0}}<br>1999-2001 Astro Cargo Van AWD: {{auto in|75.2|0}}<br>1999-2001 Astro AWD: {{auto in|74.8|0}}
|assembly=[[Leeds, Missouri|Leeds]], [[Missouri]]<br />[[Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys]], [[California]]<br />[[Norwood, Ohio|Norwood]], [[Ohio]]<br />[[Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run]], [[Michigan]]<br />[[Oshawa, Ontario]]<br />[[Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec]]<br />[[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
|length={{auto in|189.8|0}}
|height=
|wheelbase=1995-96: {{auto in|111.0|0}}<br>1997-2005: {{auto in|111.2|0}}
|weight=
|width={{auto in|77.5|0}}
|wheelbase=
|related=[[Buick Apollo]]<br />[[Oldsmobile Omega]]<br />[[Pontiac Ventura]]
|similar=[[AMC Hornet]]<br />[[Ford Maverick]]<br />[[Plymouth Duster]]<br />[[Toyota Corona]]
}}
}}
[[Image:1st-GMC-Safari.jpg|250px|thumb|right|1st-gen GMC Safari]]
[[Image:GMC Safari.jpg|250px|thumb|right|1997 GMC Safari]]
[[Image:AstroHonker.jpg|thumb|250px|Chevy Astro modified with the addition of an operable [[Train horn]] and bell.]]


An extensive restyle came in 1968, when the station wagon and Sport Coupe were discontinued. This body style continued (with minor revisions) through 1974. One notable change was the front subframe assembly — as compared with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], Chrysler and [[American Motors|AMC]], in whose cars the entire front suspension was integrated with the bodyshell, a separate subframe housing the powertrain and front suspension (similar to the front part of the frame of GM's [[full-size]], full-framed vehicles) replaced the earlier style. Although the front subframe design was a Chevy II-exclusive design, the [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]] introduced a year earlier was the first to incorporate such a design; the redesigned Chevy II was pushed a year back to 1968 instead of 1967. 1968 was the final year that the Chevy II nameplate was used, although all 1968 models were "Chevy II Novas" with one single trim line.
The {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] [[Internal combustion engine|engine]] was offered between 1968 and 1970, then was dropped due to lack of interest (besides its other usage in the Jeep DJ-5A a.k.a. the Postal Jeep). Far more popular were the {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder and the base {{convert|307|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]], which replaced the {{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] offered in previous years. At mid-year, a [[semi-automatic transmission]] based on the Powerglide called the Torque-Drive was introduced as a low-cost option for shiftless motoring for both the four and six-cylinder engines. The two-speed Powerglide was still the only fully-[[automatic transmission]] available with most engines as the more desirable three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic was only available with the largest V8 engines.
The SS was transformed from a trim package to a performance option for 1968 and now included a {{convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 engine along with front disc brakes, heavy-duty suspension and other performance hardware. Optional engines included two versions of the big-block {{convert|396|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 rated at {{convert|350|hp|kW|abbr=on}} and {{convert|375|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Both engines were offered with a choice of transmissions including the M-21 close-ratio four-speed manual, the M-22 heavy-duty "Rock Crusher" four-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]], or the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 400 for those who preferred automatic shifting.
===1969===
For 1969 the Chevy II nameplate was retired from the Nova range.<ref>John Gunnell, Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th edition, page 196</ref> The "Chevy II by Chevrolet" trunklid badge was replaced with "Nova by Chevrolet" and no other Chevy nameplates remained. However the ’69 Novas were promoted under the “Chevy Nova” model name in official Chevrolet sales literature.<ref>[http://www.oldcarmanualproject.com/brochures/Chev/1969/FullLine/index.htm 1969 Chevrolet range brochure] Retrieved from www.oldcarmanualproject.com  on 26 November 2008</ref>
Like other 1969 GM vehicles, locking steering columns were incorporated. Simulated vents were added below the Nova script, which was relocated to the front fender instead of the rear quarter panel. The {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 with four-barrel carburetor that came standard with the SS option was revised with a {{convert|5|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} increase to {{convert|300|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} while a two-barrel carbureted version of the {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 rated at {{convert|255|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} was a new option on non-SS models. A new Turbo-Hydramatic 350 three-speed automatic was made available for non-SS Novas with six-cylinder and V8 engines, although the older two-speed [[Powerglide]] continued to be available on the smaller engined Novas.
===1970===
Basically a carryover from 1969; the side markers and taillight lenses for the 1970 Nova were wider and positioned slightly differently. This was the final year for the SS396. All other engines were carried over including the seldom-ordered four-cylinder which was in its final year. The car finally became simply the Chevrolet Nova this year after two years of transitional nameplates (Chevy II Nova in 1968 and Chevrolet Chevy Nova in 1969)
Approximately 177 COPO Novas were ordered, with 175 converted by [[Yenko Chevrolet]]. The other two were sold in [[Canada]]. The Nova was used in [[Trans-Am]] racing this year.
===1971===
1971 Novas were similar to the previous year but with the loss of the simulated fender vents and the discontinuation of the {{convert|396|CID|L|abbr=on}} engine for the SS with the {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} engine taking its place. 1971 also saw the introduction of the Rally Nova, a trim level that only lasted two years (until it resurfaced in 1977). The Rally kit included black or white stripes that ran the length of the car and around the back, a Rally Nova sticker on the driver's side of the hood, and Rally wheels.
The {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder engine was now the standard Nova engine with the demise of the {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} four-cylinder and {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder engines. The {{convert|307|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8s were carried over from 1970 and all engines featured lowered compression ratios to enable the use of unleaded gasoline as a result of a GM corporate mandate that took effect with the 1971 model year.
After 1971, other GM divisions began [[Badge engineering|rebadging]] the Nova as their new entry-level vehicle, such as the [[Pontiac Ventura]] II (once a trim option for full-size [[Pontiac]]s to 1970), [[Oldsmobile Omega]] and the [[Buick Apollo]]. Interestingly, the initials of the four model names spelled out the acronym ''NOVA'' (Nova, Omega, Ventura, Apollo).
===1972===
A virtual rerun of 1971, the 1972 Nova received only minor trim changes and both the Rally Nova and SS options were carried over. At mid-year a sunroof option became available on two-door models. Also, the optional Strato bucket seats available on coupes switched from the previous low-back design with adjustable headrests to the high back units with built-in headrests introduced the previous year on Camaros and Vegas.
===1973–1974===
[[Image:'73 Chevrolet Nova SS Coupe (Rigaud).JPG|thumb|left|1973 Chevrolet Nova SS coupe]]


The 1973 model year introduced a hatchback bodystyle based on the 2-door coupe. Following a government mandate for vehicles to be fitted with front and rear bumpers capable of absorbing a low-speed impact of {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, the front and rear of the Nova were restyled. The 1973 model was equipped with redesigned bumpers that were larger and stronger. 1974 models were the first to have shock-absorbing bumper mounts that made the bumpers stick out further from the body.
The '''Chevrolet Astro''' was a [[rear-wheel drive]] [[minivan]] introduced by [[Chevrolet]] in 1985 to rival domestic ([[United States|American]]) competitors the [[Dodge Caravan]]/[[Plymouth Voyager]] twins and the [[Japan]]ese [[Toyota Van]]. Also sharing the Astro's platform was its sibling, the '''[[GMC (automobile)|GMC]] Safari'''. In addition to standard passenger uses, the vans were also available as cargo vans, and converters used them as the basis for small [[conversion van]]s.


A modified rear side window shape was also introduced, eliminating the vent windows on both two- and four-door models. A revised rear suspension was adapted from the second generation Camaro with multi-leaf springs replacing the mono-leaf springs used on Novas since the original 1962 model. By this time, six-cylinder and V8 engines were ''de rigueur'' for American [[compact cars]], with the {{convert|307|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8s becoming fairly common. Nova SS models offered a higher-performance {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8. The 1973 Nova with a six-cylinder engine or 307|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 were among the last Chevrolets to be offered with the now-outdated two-speed [[Powerglide]] automatic transmission, which was in its final year. For 1974, it was replaced by a lightweight version of the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 350 already offered with the {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8, which was the only V8 offered for 1974. These Novas where also fitted with a weight sensitive relay within the front bench seat that prevented the vehicle from being started until the driver's seatbelt had been fastened. Later, a law passed by Congress banned this type of device, declaring that it infringed on a driver's freedom of choice.<ref>[http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Courses/adlaww01/seatbelts.htm The Seat-Belt Story<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The devices were not included in future Nova models.
Both [[Pontiac]] and GMC have used the Safari nameplate (GMC is part of the Pontiac/GMC division); Pontiac used the nameplate on several of its [[station wagon]] models from 1955 through 1989. The two Safaris, both Pontiac and GMC, were on the market together (often sold by the same dealerships) from 1985 through 1989.


1973 and 1974 introduced several new technologies to the Nova such as the adoption of steel belted radials. Also, the hatchback Nova models used a compact spare tire that included an inflator can with the vehicle. While many of these cars were sold with four-wheel drum brakes, front disk brakes were available as an extra-cost option.
The Astro model name had been used previously for the unrelated Chevrolet Astro 1 Concept car, first shown at the [[New York Auto Show]] of 1967.<ref> [http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2409/Chevrolet-Astro-I-Concept.html Chevrolet Astro I Concept car at www.ultimatecarpage.com] Retrieved on 24/7/08 </ref>


A luxury-themed Nova Custom, later called the Nova LN, became part of the model lineup which included upgraded upholstery, full carpeting and more exterior trim. The SS option was still available but became more of a sporty trim package than a performance offering and now offered with any Nova engine, much like the 1963 to 1967 Nova SS.
While the Astro was referred to as a minivan, it was sized between the [[Chevrolet Venture]]/[[Chevrolet Lumina APV|Lumina APV]] [[unibody]] [[minivan]] and the full-size [[Chevrolet Van|Chevy Van/Express]]. Similar to the [[Ford Aerostar]], it utilized powertrain components common to GM's other light trucks, yet unlike the trucks the chassis was unibody in structure with a front sub-frame to support the engine and front suspension.


An interesting model was the 'Spirit of America' Nova introduced in 1974. In anticipation of the US bicentennial in 1976, these vehicles were painted white and featured blue and red accent stripes as well as red and blue interior carpets and fabrics.
Due to the truck-based powertrain, the Astro and Safari could pull {{convert|5500|lb|abbr=on}} with proper equipment. AWD models could tow up to {{convert|5000|lb|abbr=on}} when properly equipped. This is opposed to front-wheel drive minivans; most of which are limited to a 3,500 pound towing capacity. {{Fact|date=July 2007}}


[[Oldsmobile]] and [[Buick]] entered the compact car market; both the [[Buick Apollo|Apollo]] and [[Oldsmobile Omega|Omega]] debuted, using the same bodystyles from the Nova lineup. Additional options were included on these Nova-like models, such as lighting under the dashboard and in the glove compartment. Pontiac's final [[Pontiac GTO|GTO]] of this era was based on a facelifted 1974 [[Pontiac Ventura|Ventura]] coupe, itself based on the Nova, but fitted with a shaker hoodscoop from the [[Pontiac Trans Am|Trans Am]].
Initial advertising boasted that it was a vehicle that will "make you realize that life is too big for a [[minivan]]", referring to the [[Chrysler minivans]].


==Fourth  generation==
Engines options ranged from 145 to 190 hp (108 to 142) [[watt|kW]] [[Chevrolet_90-Degree_V6_engine#4.3L_.28262_CID.29|4.3L]] [[V6]] engine, depending on options and/or model year.
{{Infobox Automobile generation
|image=[[Image:75-79 Chevrolet Nova sedan.jpg|250px|Chevrolet Nova sedan]]
|name=Fourth generation
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]]
|production=1975–1979
|body_style=2-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />3-door [[hatchback]]<br />4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|layout=[[FR layout]]
|assembly=[[Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys]], [[California]]<br />[[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]], [[New York]]<br />[[Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run]], [[Michigan]]<br />[[Oshawa, Ontario]]<br />[[Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec]]
|platform= [[GM X platform|X-body]]
|engine={{convert|151|CID|L|abbr=on}} ''[[GM Iron Duke engine|Iron Duke]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />{{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|I6]]<br />{{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|I6]]<br />{{convert|262|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8
|transmission=3-speed manual<br />4-speed ''M-21'' manual<br />4-speed ''M-22'' manual<br />4-speed [[Borg-Warner]] ''[[Borg-Warner T-50 transmission|T-50]]'' manual<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350]]'' automatic<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#TH400/3L80|THM400]]'' automatic
|length={{convert|5|m|in|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|1.80|m|in|abbr=on}}
|height=
|weight={{convert|1600|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase=
Brakes; Disc in front, drums rear (power assist optional)
Tires ; 205/70 14
Steering; Recirculating ball (Power assist optional)
Suspension ;
Double wish bone arm and coils in front,
Solid rear axle mounted on leaf springs.
|fuel_capacity={{convert|20|usgal|L|abbr=on}}
|related=[[Buick Apollo]]<br />[[Buick Skylark]]<br />[[Oldsmobile Omega]]<br />[[Pontiac Phoenix]]<br />[[Pontiac Ventura]]
|similar=[[AMC Concord]]<br />[[Datsun 510]]<br />[[Plymouth Volare]]
}}


A completely restyled Nova was introduced in 1975 and continued through 1979. Base coupes, including the hatchback, had fixed side windows (or optional flip-out windows) and vertical vents on the B-pillar. This generation is sometimes called the "Disco Nova" due to the popularity of [[disco]] music during this era.
The van seated up to 8 passengers.


The base model carried the inline Six-cylinder {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}}, {{convert|105|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, two V8 engines ({{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}}) for 1976 only, were offered. Mated to a three speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]], 3 speed manual or 4 speed - V8s only - Which remained the norm through the end of the decade (and the end of the rear-wheel drive [[GM X platform|X platform]]).
In addition to being sold in [[North America]], the Chevrolet Astro was exported to [[Japan]], where the van enjoys a cult following. In 2005, to celebrate the last year of Astro production, Chevrolet of Japan offered a limited edition run of the final production models. The Astro's popularity in Japan comes even though it was only offered in left-hand drive.


The front suspension and subframe assembly was similar to the one used in the second generation GM F-body cars (the [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]] and [[Pontiac Firebird]]), whereas the rear axle and suspension were carried over from the previous generation. All this made this car very solid but also heavy ({{convert|1600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} empty and {{convert|2100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} curb weight)
==Chassis features==
Much like the second-generation [[GM F platform|GM F-body]] 1970-1981 and [[GM X platform|X-body]] vehicles, the GM M-van (Astro/Safari) had a bolt-on subframe incorporating the front suspension from a [[GM B platform|GM B-body]] station wagon ([[Chevrolet Caprice]], [[Cadillac Brougham]]) with a leaf-spring rear suspension. The lower ball joints were larger than their [[GM B platform|B-body]] counterparts (similar to 1977-96 Cadillac D platform vehicles e.g. Fleetwood limousines). These ball joints were later used in the final Chevrolet Caprice 9C1 (police package) cars manufactured in 1995 and 1996. They also shared many mechanical similarities to the [[GM GMT platform|GMT 325/330]] midsize S/T Pickup/Utilities.


[[Image:Rm disco nova.JPG|thumb|left|1976 Chevrolet Nova coupe]]
As mentioned above, the Astro and Safari were [[rear-wheel drive]] vehicles, but in 1990 a new [[all-wheel drive]] (AWD) system, designed and developed by [[FF Developments]] (FFD)<ref>{{cite news
|title=No giant here - FF Developments Ltd - company profile
|date=December 1999
|publisher=[[Ward's Auto World]]
|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3165/is_n12_v25/ai_8255861
}}</ref>, was made optional. The AWD models had a lower fuel economy: 17 miles per gallon highway versus 20-21 for rear-drive vans. Premature idler arm wear on the AWD front suspension is a common problem.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}


The Nova lineup ranged from the stripped-down "S" model, base, Custom (1975 and 1978 to 1979, which in later years became the LN and Nova Concours replacement), and the luxury-themed LN (the LN was the first to sport metric displacement badges — either "4.3&nbsp;LITER" or "5.7&nbsp;LITRE"). The LN was replaced with the Nova Concours (1976 and 1977.) Custom and Concours models had a 3-taillight lens scheme much similar to the [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]] with a [[Cadillac]]-esque chrome laden front clip). All were intended as competition for the recently introduced [[Dodge Aspen]]/Plymouth Volare and [[Ford Granada]]/Mercury Monarch. From 1977 to 1978, there was also the Nova Rally (not to be confused with the Rally Nova of the early 1970s). These came with the {{convert|135|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 engine, stiffer antiroll bar and some with the 4-speed Saginaw manual transmission.
Hundreds of instances of front torsion bar failure in the AWD suspension were reported to the [[NHTSA]]. The torsion bars failed without warning, resulting in bottoming of the suspension. Repair required replacement of both torsion bar assemblies with upgraded designs at a cost of about $1000. No fatalities were reported.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}


Even Cadillac got into the act; the Nova's X platform was stretched by several inches, completely rebodied and fitted with an Oldsmobile fuel-injected {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 to become the [[Cadillac Seville|Seville]] for mid year 1975.
In 1990, a new dash was introduced along with the availability of a long-wheelbase model. In 1995, the model was face lifted with an extended nose that resembled the then-new full-size Express vans. In 1996, a redesigned dash received a passenger side air-bag. The vans remained mostly unchanged until canceled in 2005.


Buick's Apollo was renamed [[Buick Skylark]] after 1975 (during the 1975 model year, the Apollo nameplate was used for the 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]], while the coupe version was badged as the Skylark), while Pontiac's Ventura became the more luxurious [[Pontiac Phoenix|Phoenix]] for 1978 (the Phoenix was the first X-body fitted with square headlights). These rebadged versions of the Nova had either the Chevrolet "porky but reliable" inline-six {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} or [[GM 3800 engine|Buick V6 {{convert|231|CID|L|abbr=on}}]] as the base engine.
In 2003, GM upgraded the chassis of both the Astro and Safari with certain suspension components, larger brakes, and six-lug, 16 inch wheels from the full-size Chevrolet and GMC half-ton pickup trucks. The modifications improved{{Fact|date=June 2007}} the poor handling and braking of the vans.


In the 1978 model year minor changes were made for the Nova including a more modern dual round gauge cluster to replace the long sweeping speedometer. Other minor changes included the steering wheel, which was updated to the same as the Caprice/Malibu.  Some new colors were offered (as with the rest of the divisions) and some small trim added. During the 1977 model year of Ventura, the [[4 cylinder GM 2500 engine|GM Iron Duke]] was the base engine (in response to the Arab Oil Embargo) coupled to a [[Borg-Warner]] [[Borg-Warner T-50|T-50]] transmission (it has no relationship to the T-5 found in third-generation GM F-bodies). The Ventura was replaced by the Phoenix in the middle of the 1977 model year.
==End of the line==
Faced with falling sales across its vehicle lines, [[General Motors]] began closing plants and discontinuing slow-selling vehicle lines. With new federal standards for side impact and head injury reductions coming, GM determined that there was no use in expending money for a redesign of a vehicle line that was no longer selling well. Thus, the Safari and Astro were taken out of production in [[May 14]], [[2005]], and the long-serving [[Baltimore, Maryland]] assembly plant where both were built was closed. It was the only rear-wheel drive minivan which was produced for 20 model years - a longer run than its nearest rival, the [[Ford Aerostar]], which ceased production in 1997, and the only remaining rear-wheel drive minivan in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] since the original [[Mazda MPV#1989-1998 (Rear wheel drive)|Mazda MPV]] ceased production in 1998.  It was also the only [[rear-wheel drive]] [[minivan]] in the United States and Canada to spawn two generations, and also was the only rear-wheel drive minivan in the United States and Canada since the [[Volkswagen Eurovan]] ceased production in 2003.  In total, the Baltimore plant produced approximately 3,700,000 Astro and Safari vans.


Base V8 engines included Chevrolet {{convert|262|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} engines, and an [[Oldsmobile]] {{convert|260|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8; Pontiac Venturas were not fitted with a Pontiac V8 from the factory after 1975, when Oldsmobile 260s and Buick 350s were installed as optional equipment. This led to civil action against GM.
In the Chevrolet line, the Astro was replaced by the [[Chevrolet Uplander]] "crossover sport van", which also replaced the [[Chevrolet Venture]]. Like the Astro, the Uplander is available in cargo and passenger versions, although its  front-wheel drive [[unibody]] platform makes it less suitable for heavy-duty work. GMC has replaced the Safari with their [[GMC Acadia|Acadia]] 7-passenger [[crossover SUV]] for 2007.


The Nova SS continued for 1975 and 1976; when the SS was discontinued, the option code for the SS — RPO Z26 — continued as the Nova Rally until 1979.
==Safety and Crash Testing==


A high-performance police version of the Nova was introduced for the 1975 model year, making it the first compact car certified for police duty in the US. Most were initially purchased by the [[Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department]] in 1976.
The [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS), which is known for its testing of vehicles and results that are often shown on [[NBC]]'s ''[[Dateline]]'' television news program, gave the Astro a "poor" rating in 1996 because of what by all appearances was a horrifying display of [[structural failure]] in the Institute's {{convert|40|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} [[crash test]] into a fixed, offset barrier. The underbody of the test van buckled, pitching both front seats forward and shoving the crash dummy into the dashboard and [[steering wheel]], leading the Institute to comment that "[t]he collapse of the occupant compartment left little survival space for the driver." [http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=66 See detailed crash test information, including photos illustrating the Astro's structural collapse]


Upon introduction of the downsized GM [[GM A platform (RWD)|A-body]] (later [[GM G platform (RWD)|G-body]]) [[mid-size car]]s in 1978, the X-body and downsized A-platform had similar exterior dimensions. The roomier and more modern downsized A-bodies outsold their X-body counterparts.
In testing performed by the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA), however, the Astro and Safari fared better, improving from a single-star rating in 1990 to a three-star (driver) and four-star (passenger) rating by 1999. In side impacts, the Astro and Safari both received the highest, five-star rating in every year that the test was administered.


The Nova's final model year, 1979, saw few changes. The front end was revised with square headlights and a new grille for the short run. Production ended on December 22, 1978.
==Popularity with modifiers==


From model year 1980 onward, the Nova's original niche in the Chevrolet lineup was filled by [[front-wheel drive]] compacts including the [[Chevrolet Citation|Citation]] (spring 1979 to 1985), and [[Chevrolet Corsica|Corsica]] (spring 1987 to 1996).


==Fifth  generation==
In addition to their popularity as conversion vans, the Astro and Safari both have popular followings with "back yard" modifiers. Modifications are both street and off-road. Some vans have the original 4.3L Vortec [[V6 engine]] replaced with a [[small-block]] [[V8 engine]], such as the [[Chevrolet_Small-Block_engine#350|Chevrolet 350 engine]]. This switch is simplified because the 4.3L V6 is based on the GM small-block V8, and most of the factory drivetrain components can be reused.
{{Infobox Automobile
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova Sedan.jpg|250px|Chevrolet Nova sedan]]
|boxcolor=darkgreen
|name=Fifth Generation
|aka=[[Toyota Sprinter]]<br />[[Toyota Corolla]]
|class=[[Subcompact]]
|assembly=[[NUMMI]], [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[California]]
|production=1985–1988
|engine={{convert|1.6|L|CID|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[4A-GE]] "115Hp"<br />{{convert|1.6|L|CID|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[4A-C]] "89Hp"
|platform=Toyota AE82 Platform
|transmission=5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br />
3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]<br />
4-speed automatic
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|wheelbase={{convert|95.7|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|166.3|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|64.4|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|52.8|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|fuel_capacity={{convert|13.2|USgal|L|abbr=on}}
|successor=[[Geo Prizm]]
|related=[[Toyota Corolla]]<br />[[Toyota Sprinter]]
}}


[[Image:Chevrolet-Nova-hatchback.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Nova hatchback]]
Because of its truck based design, the Astro also is popular with some off road and camping enthusiasts. The combination of a powerful drivetrain, large cargo and passenger space, all-wheel drive, and optional [[locking differential]] for the rear axle facilitate off road modifications. The suspension can be lifted, allowing larger tires and clearance with relatively small changes in exterior appearance.
The Chevrolet Nova nameplate returned in 1985 as a front wheel drive [[subcompact]] vehicle produced from 1985 to 1988. It was manufactured in [[Fremont]], [[California]] by [[NUMMI]], a joint venture between General Motors and Toyota of Japan.
The new Nova was a rebadged and mildly restyled Japanese market [[Toyota Sprinter]], a model sold in Japan as an upmarket version of the [[Toyota Corolla]]. Nova shared the Corolla's AE82 platform, {{convert|1.6|L|CID|abbr=on}} 4-cylinder engines and was available with 5-speed manual, 3-speed or 4-speed automatic transmissions.
<br>
{{-}}


==Novas abroad==
== Parodies ==
===Argentina===


In 1962 [[Argentina]] assembled the first/second generation Chevy II until 1974 as Chevrolet 400, and the early third-generation (1968 model) Nova was as the Chevrolet Chevy from late 1969 through 1978, both models overlapping  for several years, the Chevy II marketed as a family sedan while the Nova as a sporty alternative.  An upscale model was produced from about 1973 with different trim, front turn indicators and taillights, a much better appointed interior with plastic "wood" trim, and called the Malibu. This Malibu was 100% a Chevy Nova, no relation to the American Chevelle. All engines provided to the public were inline-sixes. The first and second generations were available, depending on year and model, with the {{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} engines.
The Chevrolet Astro has been parodied as the "[[Moonbeam]]" in various [[Grand Theft Auto]] games.


The third generation ("Chevys") were produced with the {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} engines with specially tuned carburetors for sporting models. The "Chevy" metal decal for the third generation had the same font as the "Nova" decal of 1968–1974 American Novas, and was, for the first few years, in the rearmost section of both rear fenders. Later, it was moved to the rearmost section of both front fenders, as it was in the American cars from 1969. Sidemarker lights were not mandatory and changed much during the production run, from being deleted, to leaving a small chrome plate, to the same light as in the American cars. Rear deck decals just said "<small>CHEVROLET</small>" in chrome letters, obviating the typical "Model by Chevrolet" used in the American cars at the time. The hood decal was similar to the 1969 American Novas, the bow tie, in blue or just chrome.
==See also==
Initially, the Argentinian Chevy used very similar trim to the American counterpart, usually being more luxurious, as the car fitted in a much higher market niche, being a "big" car for the local standards. Even then there were standard, plain models, without accessories. Many were used for cab service. Interesting to note is that the interior layout, especially visible in the instrument panel, remained the American 1968 version for the whole run. The ignition switch was never moved to the steering column, for instance, so no steering lock was installed in the factory. Power steering began to be available from the factory at the end of the production run, V8s were never produced for the car, and automatic transmissions were available with both: steering column selectors or with a floor lever, but not for all models, only for luxury versions. Power windows were not available, tinted windows were darker than American versions, and the darker band on the upper edge of the windshield was not present.


Very popular accessories were vinyl roofs, rally wheels, sport steering wheels, bucket seats with high backs, and tufted leatherette upholstery (many sedans were produced this way). Interiors were mostly black. Steering wheels and instrument panels were for many years only black, as were seatbelts. American style interior color coordination was absent. The last year of the Nova in Argentina is called locally "Opus 78" (because the slogan of the publicity) and it was the most equipped, adding simil-leather bucket seats, air-conditioning, power steering, electric antenna, and a new dashboard with integrated central console.
*[[Chevrolet 90-Degree V6 engine]]
and a single four-barrel carburetor
 
Their Super Sports, "SS" counterparts were both coupes and 4-door sedans, the latter of which was unheard of in the US prior to the introduction of the 1994 [[Chevrolet Impala#1994-1996|Impala SS]]. In fact, a majority were fitted with inline-sixes coupled to a ZF [[manual transmission]] with floor lever 4 speeds, a single two-barrel Holey RX 7214-A carburetor giving out {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}}  and a sporting exhaust note. Corsa, a local auto publication magazine tested a Chevy Coupé SS and obtained a 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 8.2 seconds.
 
===Canada===
[[Image:1963 Pontiac Acadian Beaumont convertible.jpg|thumb|left|1963 Acadian Beaumont convertible]]
The Nova was also sold in [[Canada]] from 1962 as the [[Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (a GM Canada nameplate),<ref> [http://books.google.com/books?id=vIN_CgtDuHYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nova+II+SS#PPA58,M1 Nova SS By Steve Statham] Retrieved from books.google.com on 20 November 2008</ref> with minimal trim and equipment modifications, until the early 1970s when it was renamed in keeping with its US cousin as the [[Pontiac Ventura II]].
{{-}}
 
==The urban legend==
An [[Urban Legend|urban legend]] claims that the vehicle sold poorly in Spanish-speaking countries because its name, spaced ''no va'', literally translates to "no go," as in "it doesn't go." This has since been debunked.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/business/misxlate/nova.asp snopes.com: Nova Don't Go<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Chevrolet Nova}}
*[http://www.astrosafari.com AstroSafari.com "The original Astro/Safari site"]
*{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Chevrolet/Nova/|Chevrolet Nova}}
*[http://www.iasc.jp "Internet Astro Safari Club http://m.iasc.jp"]
*{{imcdb vehicle|make=Chevrolet|model=Nova|Chevrolet Nova}}
*[http://www.astro-van.de Astro-Van.de]
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{{Early Chevrolet cars}}
{{Chevrolet Truck}}
{{Turismo Carretera}}


[[Category:1960s automobiles]]
[[Category:Chevrolet vehicles|Astro]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:All wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Minivans]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:Chevrolet vehicles|Nova]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:Front wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Subcompact cars]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Goods manufactured in the United States]]
[[Category:Goods manufactured in the United States]]


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