Difference between revisions of "Saturn I4 engine"

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The '''Family II''' is a [[straight-4]] [[piston engine]] that was originally developed by [[Opel]] in late 1970s for use in the [[Opel Ascona]] B and [[Opel Kadett#Kadett D|Opel Kadett D]]. Over time, the engine block has evolved to include many modern features such as [[DOHC]] and [[fuel injection]]. Family II has also expanded to include a range of [[Opel]] derived 6 cylinder engines.  Many [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] subsidiaries, including [[Holden]], [[GM do Brasil]] and recently [[GM Powertrain]] have adopted this design. It is also starting to be used in [[hot rod]]s as an engine swap.
{{Infobox Automobile engine
| image        =[[Image:GM_LL0_Engine.jpg|250px]]
| name          =Saturn engine
| aka          ="Single Cam" or<br>"Twin Cam"
| manufacturer  =[[General Motors]]
| type          =[[Straight-4]]
| bore          =82.0 mm (3.23")
| stroke        =90.0 mm (3.54")
| displacement  =1.9 L (116 cu&nbsp;in)
| weight        =[[SOHC]]: {{convert|196.74|lb|abbr=on}}<br>[[DOHC]]: {{convert|220.22|lb|abbr=on}}
| block        =[[Aluminum]]
| head          =[[Aluminum]]
| valvetrain    =SOHC 8V (LK0/L24)<BR>DOHC 16V (LL0)
| fuelsystem    =LK0: TBI<BR>L24/LL0: MPFI
| fueltype      =Unleaded fuel, 87 octane
| oilsystem    =Pressure feed
| coolingsystem =[[Watercooled]]
| power        =LK0: 85 hp (63 kW)<BR>L24: 100 hp (75 kW)<BR>LL0: 124 hp (92 kW)
| torque        =LK0: 110 ft·lbf (149 N·m)<BR>L24: 114 ft·lbf (155 N·m)<BR>LL0: 122 ft·lbf (165 N·m)
| compression  =LK0/L24: 9.3:1<br>LL0: 9.5:1
| specpower    =LK0: 44.73 hp/L<BR>L24: 52.63 hp/L<BR>LL0: 65.26 hp/L
}}


===[[20NE]], [[20SE]], [[20SEH]], [[C20NE]],===
The powerplant used in [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] [[Saturn S-Series|S-series]] automobiles was a [[straight-4]] aluminum piston engine produced by [[General Motors]].  The engine was only used in the Saturn S-series line of vehicles (SL, SC, SW) from 1991 through 2002.  It was available in chain-driven [[SOHC]] or [[DOHC]] variants.


These engines formed the basis of the modern Family II lineup. Configuration was limited to a single over head cam, and 2 Valves per cylinder (8 valves total).  The 20NE served as the base, where later Family II motors evolved.
This was an innovative engine for the time using the [[lost foam casting]] process for the engine block and cylinder head. Saturn was one of the first to use this casting process in a full-scale high-production environment.  Both engine types used the same engine block.
 
Common features include:
    
    
- Cast iron block
==Engine block==
 
- 6 bolt flywheel
 
- Aluminum head.
 
- 1998&nbsp;cc, 86&nbsp;mm x 86&nbsp;mm bore/stroke
 
Individual differences:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Engine
! Power
! Torque
! [[Compression Ratio|Ratio]]
! Engine Management
! (Other)
|-
| [[20NE]]
| {{convert|116|hp|kW}} @ 5200 rpm
| {{auto Nm|175}} @ 2600 rpm
| 9.2:1
| Motronic ML 4.1
|
|-
| [[20SE]]
| {{convert|122|hp|kW}}
|
| 10.0:1
| Motronic ML 4.1
| <small>High compression pistons</small>
|-
| [[20SEH]]
| {{convert|130|hp|kW}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto Nm|180}}
| 10.0:1
| Motronic ML 4.1
| <small>High compression pistons; More aggressive camshaft than [[20SE]]</small>
|-
| [[C20NE]]
| {{convert|115|hp|kW}} @ 5200 rpm
| {{auto Nm|170}} @ 2600 rpm
| 9.2:1
| Motronic 1.5/Motronic 1.5.2
| <small>Catalytic converter; Lambda sensor.</small>
|}
 
A South African derivative of the 20SEH engine was used until 1999 in the Astra/Kadett models featuring 10:1 compression ratio and a Bosch Motronic 1.5.4 engine management system. Quoted power was {{convert|95|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto Nm|180}} of torque.
 
The 2 liter 8v OHC engines is used in the base versions of:
* [[Opel Calibra]]
* [[Opel Astra]] F
* [[Opel Omega]] A
* [[Opel Kadett]] E
* [[Opel Ascona]] C
* [[Opel Frontera]] A
* [[Opel Vectra]] A-A2-B
 
* [[Vauxhall Cavalier]]
* [[Vauxhall Astra]]
* [[Vauxhall Carlton]]
* [[Vauxhall Frontera]]
* [[Vauxhall Calibra]]
 
===20XE, 20XEJ, [[C20XE]], [[C20LET]]===
The naturally-aspirated 16-valve version of the '''2.0&nbsp;L'''— {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — [[cast iron]] block engine is the successor to the [[OHC]]-engines and a predecessor to the 16-valve Ecotec-line of engines.
 
This lineup features the same block as the OHC based engines with an {{convert|86|mm|in|abbr=on}} bore & stroke and a [[Cosworth]]-developed [[DOHC]] [[cylinder head]] ([[Cosworth]] Project KB).  The cylinder heads were manufactured by either [[Cosworth]] or, at a latter date, [[Kolben Schmidt]]. In general, the heads from this lineup are supposed to flow appreciablу better than their Ecotec successors. Power output is rated at 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp) at 6000&nbsp;rpm and 196&nbsp;N·m at 4600&nbsp;rpm ([[C20XE]]) or 156&nbsp;hp (20XE).
 
Common features:
<br>-{{auto cm3in3|1998}}; {{convert|86|x|86|mm|in|abbr=on}} bore&nbsp;x&nbsp;stroke
<br>-Cast iron block
<br>-Aluminium head
<br>-Aluminium oil pan with cooling fins
<br>-Air mass flow meter
<br>-Knock sensors
<br>-Twin Camshafts
<br>-8 bolt flywheel
 
[[20XE]]
<br>-{{convert|157|hp|abbr=on}}
<br>-{{Auto Nm|198}}
<br>-Compression ratio: 10.8-1
<br>-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.5
 
[[C20XE]]
<br>-150 bhp @ 6000 rpm
<br>-{{Auto Nm|196}} @ 4600 rpm
<br>-Compression ratio: 10.8-1
<br>-Catalytic converter
<br>-Lambda sensor
<br>-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.8
 
[[C20LET]]
<br>-204 hp @ 5600 rpm
<br>-{{Auto Nm|280}} @ 2400 rpm
<br>-102 bhp/litre
<br>-Compression ratio: 9.0-1
<br>-Catalytic converter
<br>-Lambda sensor
<br>-Different camshafts
<br>-Turbo pressure: {{convert|0.6|bar|psi|lk=on}} continuous with a {{convert|0.8|bar|psi|lk=on}} overboost
<br>-Engine Management: Bosch Motronic M2.7
<br>-The map sensor is built into the ECU.
<br>-Turbo used in the C20LET: KKK16, integral water cooling and oil lubrication.
 
These engines were used in:
* [[Opel Kadett]] GSI 16v
* [[Opel Vectra]] 2000
* [[Opel Vectra]] GT 16V
* [[Opel Vectra]] Turbo
* [[Opel Calibra]] Turbo
* [[Opel Calibra]] 16V
* [[Opel Astra]] GSi 16v
* [[Opel Astra]] Irmscher caravan
* [[Lada 110]]
 
The turbocharged version of the [[C20XE]], branded [[C20LET]] was also offered in the [[Opel]]/[[Vauxhall]] [[Calibra]] and [[Vectra]] Turbo.  The [[C20LET]] is essentially the same as the [[C20XE]], bar the lower compression, forged [[Mahle]] pistons turbocharger, Bosh Motronic M2.7 with MAP a sensor.  There are also slight revisions to the block which provide an oil inlet/outlet  for the turbocharger.
 
===[[C25XE]]===
 
Opel later developed a 2.5 liter V6 engine based on the C20XE's design.  The V6 powerplant featured four camshafts and 4 valves per cylinder.  The [[C25XE]] found use in the V6 Calibra/Vectra A/A2/Omega B.
 
<br>-{{auto cm3in3|2498}}
<br>-170 hp @ 6000 rpm
<br>-{{auto Nm|226}} @ 4200 rpm
Engine Management Bosch Motronic 2.8
 
===[[X20XEV]]===
The first engine Opel branded as Ecotec, a mass-market successor to the [[C20XE]] with a [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-developed [[cylinder head]]. The new cylinder head had a smaller valve angle compared to the older [[C20XE]], which was supposed to give more torque in the lower revs. It is a {{auto cm3in3|1998}} naturally aspirated engine with 16 valves and belt driven double overhead camshafts ([[DOHC]]). {{convert|86|mm|in|abbr=on}} bore and stroke in cast iron [[OHC]]-derived cylinder block and aluminium cylinder head. [[X20XEV]] was equipped with exhaust gas recirculation ([[EGR]]) to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions and [[air injection reactor]] (AIR) to speed up the warming up of the catalytic converter and to reduce unburnt [[hydrocarbons]] and [[carbon monoxide]]. Power 100 kW / 136 hp.
 
This engine was used in:
* [[Opel Calibra]] 94-
* [[Opel Vectra]] 94-
* [[Opel Astra]] 94-
* [[Opel Omega]] 94-
 
===[[X25XE]], X30XE===
 
A V6 engine - essentially an Ecotec version of the C25XE.  It has similar design features to the X20XEV - particularly the cylender heads and emission reduction hardware.  This engine was used in the Opel Omega.
 
The X25XE was also used in Later Models of Vectra B from 2000 until 2002.  It was to prove popular in Police Vehicles in the UK.
 
==Ecotec==
The '''[[Ecotec]]''' name was adopted in 2000 for the new generation of Family II engines. The name was already used for the Opel GM Family II engine, [[GM Family 1 engine|Family 1]] and [[GM Family 0 engine|Family 0]] ranges. GM intends this new Ecotec to become its global 4-cylinder.
 
The Ecotec Family II is a [[DOHC]] [[multivalve|4-valve]] design with an aluminum block and head (L850 for 86&nbsp;mm bore applications, and L880 for 88&nbsp;mm bore), designed for displacements from 1.8 to 2.4&nbsp;L. It was developed by an international team of engineers and technicians from [[Opel]]'s ''International Technical Development Center'' in [[Rüsselsheim]], [[Germany]], [[GM Powertrain]] in [[Pontiac, Michigan]], and [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] in [[Trollhättan]], [[Sweden]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Much of the development work on this project was carried out by [http://www.grouplotus.com/eng/ Lotus Engineering], Hethel, [[United Kingdom]]. The engine uses [[aluminum]] pistons and cast [[iron]] cylinder liners. Vibration is reduced with twin [[balance shaft]]s.
 
The current Ecotec line is manufactured in [[Tonawanda, New York]], [[Kaiserslautern, Germany]], and (for [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]]) in [[Spring Hill, Tennessee]].
 
===[[Turbocharged|Turbo]]===
Opel/Vauxhall offers a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] version of the '''2.0&nbsp;L''' — {{auto cm3in3|1998}} —  Ecotec (the Z20LET) in a cast iron block; it features a square 86&nbsp;mm (3.38&nbsp;in) bore and stroke, 9.5:1 compression, 200&nbsp;hp (147&nbsp;kW) and 195&nbsp;lb·ft (265&nbsp;N·m) of torque.
 
This engine is used in:
* [[Opel Astra]]
* [[Opel Zafira]]
* [[Opel Speedster]]
 
===LK9===
LK9 is a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] '''2.0&nbsp;L'''— {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — version of the L61 utilizing a reinforced sand cast aluminum cylinder head and reinforced internal components. It features an 86&nbsp;mm (3.39&nbsp;in) bore and stroke and a 9.5:1 compression ratio.  Power is {{convert|210|hp|kW}} at 5300 rpm and {{auto lbft|220}} of torque at 2500 rpm. Maximum boost is {{convert|12.3|psi|bar|abbr=on}}.
 
*2003–present [[Saab 9-3]]
 
===LNF===
[[Image:Car show 013.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec LNF in a [[Pontiac Solstice]]]]
A turbocharged [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injected]] (redubbed ''Spark Ignition Direct Injection'') Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 [[Pontiac Solstice|Solstice GXP]]. Displacement is 2.0&nbsp;L — {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — with a square 86&nbsp;mm (3.38&nbsp;in) bore and stroke. Compression is 9.2:1 and maximum boost is 20.0 psi, delivering 260&nbsp;hp (194&nbsp;kW) at 5300 rpm and 260&nbsp;lb·ft (353&nbsp;N·m) of torque from 2500–5250 rpm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pontiac.com/solstice/specs_performance.jsp|title=Turbo ECOTEC 2.0L|accessdate=March 26|accessyear=2008}}</ref> Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is recommended. The "Gen II" block is similar to the 2.4&nbsp;L and also features [[VVT]] technology.
 
Unique LNF features<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060403/FREE/60403004/1024/LATESTNEWS|title=Big Power, Small Package|work=[[AutoWeek]]|accessmonthday=April 4 |accessyear=2006}}</ref> include:
* a twin-scroll [[turbocharger]]
* [[gasoline direct injection]]
* [[variable valve timing]] on both intake and exhaust
* [[sodium]]-filled [[poppet valve|valves]]
* oil-cooled low-friction cast pistons
 
This engine is used in:
* 2007–present [[Opel GT#Modern Opel GT|Opel GT]]
* 2007–present [[Pontiac Solstice|Solstice GXP]]
* 2007–present [[Saturn Sky|Saturn Sky Red Line]]
* 2008 [[Chevrolet HHR|Chevy HHR SS]]
* 2008 [[Chevrolet Cobalt SS]]
 
It will also be sold and used in:
* 2009 [[Fisker Karma]]
 
===[[DI]]===
A high-end [[direct injection]] version of the 2.2&nbsp;L Ecotec is available for:
*[[Opel Vectra]]
*[[Opel Signum]]
 
A high-end direct injected 2.4L Ecotec is available for the 2010 Chevy Equinox. This engine makes {{convert|180|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} and {{convert|172|ftlbf|Nm|abbr=on}} of torque, partly due to an 11.4:1 compression ratio<ref name=GMpress20081217>{{cite news | first=Dan | last=Roth | coauthors= | title=DI FTW: GM unveils new direct-injection 2.4L EcoTec and 3.0L V6 | work=autoblog.com | url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/18/di-ftw-gm-new-direct-inject-2-4l-ecotec-and-3-0l-v6 | date=2008-12-17 | accessdate=2008-12-17}}</ref>.
 
===L61===
[[Image:Chevrolet classic engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec L61 engine in a [[Chevrolet Classic]]]]
[[Image:2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec.JPG|right|thumb|250px|2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec engine]]
:This engine is also known as a Z22SE in other countries such as The United Kingdom and Australia
The basic Family II architecture was substantially reengineered in 2000, becoming the '''Ecotec 2.2''', model '''L61''' (or '''L42''' for the [[compressed natural gas|CNG]] version). First appearing in the 2000 [[Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1]], the L61 spread throughout North American GM products, displacing the [[GM Quad-4 engine|Quad 4]] and its descendents.
 
Unlike its notably harsh predecessor, the L61 was designed for smoothness. dual in-block [[balance shaft]]s were integral to the design, and all accessories were mounted directly to the engine block to reduce vibration. The oil filter was cast into the block with a removable cover and replaceable paper element.
 
Displacement for the 2.2&nbsp;L engine is {{auto cm3in3|2196}} with an 86&nbsp;mm (3.38&nbsp;in) bore and 94.6&nbsp;mm (3.72&nbsp;in) stroke. Compression is 9.5:1 or 10:1, delivering 135 to 143&nbsp;hp (101 to 107&nbsp;kW) and 142 to 152&nbsp;lb·ft (193 to 206&nbsp;N·m) of torque. The Ecotec line is manufactured in [[Tonawanda, New York]], [[Kaiserslautern, Germany]], and (for [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]]) in [[Spring Hill, Tennessee]]. The L61-powered [[Saturn Ion]] replaced the [[Saturn I4 engine|Saturn]]-powered [[Saturn S-Series]].
 
There are a few variations to the standard L61. The new [[Chevrolet Malibu]] uses a version with [[electronic throttle control]] and a special unitized [[exhaust manifold]] and [[catalytic converter]]. The 2003 [[Saturn L-Series]] has a high output version with higher (10:1) compression and more aggressive [[camshaft]]. The Malibu and Saturn versions also use return-less [[fuel injection]]. The 2002 [[Saturn VUE]] was the first North American variant of the L61 to be equipped with [[electronic throttle control]], whereas other applications did not arise until 2005 in the [[Saturn ION]] and [[Chevrolet Cobalt]].
 
In 2007 the L61 was upgraded with a second generation cylinder case, Coil on plug ignition, 58x crankshaft position sensing and a 32-bit computer.
 
The 2.2&nbsp;L Ecotec is used in the following cars:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2002–2005
| [[Chevrolet Cavalier]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2004
| [[Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Classic (Malibu)]]
| {{convert|144|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2005–2006
|rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet Cobalt]]
| {{convert|145|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2007–2008
| {{convert|148|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|152}} @ 4200 rpm
|-
| 2006
| [[Chevrolet HHR]]
| {{convert|143|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2007–2008
| [[Chevrolet HHR]]
| {{convert|149|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|152}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2002–2004
| [[Oldsmobile Alero]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2002–2005
| [[Pontiac Grand Am]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2002–2005
| [[Pontiac Sunfire]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2005–2008
| [[Pontiac G5]]/Pursuit
| {{convert|145|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2003–2005
| [[Saturn L-Series]] (high output)
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|145}} @ 4000 rpm
|
|
|-
| 2003–2007
| [[Saturn Ion]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|145}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2002–2007
| [[Saturn VUE]]
| {{convert|143|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|
|-
| 2001–2005
| [[Vauxhall VX220]]/[[Opel Speedster]]
| {{convert|147|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|
| [[Opel Astra|Opel]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]/[[Holden]] Astra
|
|
|-
|
| [[Opel Vectra|Opel]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]/[[Holden]] Vectra
|
|
|-
|
| [[Opel Zafira|Opel]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]/[[Holden]] Zafira/[[Subaru]] Traviq
|
|
|}
 
Following the GM-Fiat agreement, the 2.2&nbsp;L engine is also used in
* [[Fiat Croma]]
* [[Alfa Romeo 159]]
 
===L42===
The '''Ecotec 2.2''', model '''L42''' is the [[compressed natural gas|CNG]] version of the Ecotec 2.2. It delivers 129&nbsp;hp (96&nbsp;kW) and 129&nbsp;lb·ft (175&nbsp;N·m).
 
===LSJ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Roots type supercharger]] -->
[[Image:2006 Saturn Ion Red Line engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 [[Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion Red Line]]]]
The '''LSJ''' is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec with an [[Eaton Corporation|Eaton]] M62 [[Roots-type supercharger]] and air-to-liquid [[intercooler]]. It is rated at {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} at 5600 rpm and {{auto lbft|200}} at 4400 rpm with a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a 6500 rpm redline. With the end of the Chevy Cobalt S/C SS and Saturn Ion Red Line, The LSJ will no longer be available in a production car after 2007.
 
The LSJ was on the [[Ward's 10 Best Engines]] list for 2006.
 
This engine is used in:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2004–2007
| [[Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion Red Line]]
| {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|200}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
| 2005–2007
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt SS|Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged Coupe]]
| {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|200}} @ 4400 rpm
|}
 
===LE5===
[[Image:2006 Pontiac Solstice Ecotec LE5 engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec LE5 engine in a 2006 [[Pontiac Solstice]]]]
The '''LE5''' is a larger 2.4&nbsp;L — {{auto cm3in3|2376}} — version of the Ecotec. Both the {{Auto mm|88|1}} bore and {{Auto mm|98|1}} stroke are larger, and [[Variable Valve Timing]] on the intake and exhaust improve low-end torque. Compression is 10.4:1. Power is 164-177&nbsp;hp (123-132&nbsp;kW) and torque is 159-170&nbsp;lb·ft (215-230&nbsp;N·m). The engine uses a reinforced "Gen II" block.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2006–2007
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt SS]]
| {{convert|173|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|163}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2008
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt Sport]]
| {{convert|171|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|167}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2006–2008
| [[Chevrolet HHR]]
| {{convert|175|hp|abbr=on}}
| {{auto lbft|165}}
|-
| 2006–2008
| [[Pontiac G5]]/Pursuit
| {{convert|171|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|167}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2006–present
| [[Pontiac G6]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6300 rpm
| {{auto lbft|162}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2006–present
| [[Pontiac Solstice]]
| {{convert|173|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|164}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2006–present
| [[Saturn Sky]]
| {{convert|173|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|166}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2006–2007
| [[Saturn Ion]]
| {{convert|175|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|164}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Saturn Aura]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}}
| {{auto lbft|162}}
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Chevrolet Malibu]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}}
| {{auto lbft|162}}
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Saturn Vue]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|161}} @ 5100 rpm
|}
 
The LE5 is also used in the following overseas models:
* 2006 GM Taiwan [[Buick LaCrosse]]
* 2006 Shanghai GM [[Buick LaCrosse]]
 
===LAT===
The '''LAT''' is the designation used for the 2.4 L '''LE5''' when used in GM's mild hybrid vehicles.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2007–present
| [[Saturn Aura#Aura Green Line|Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid]]
| {{convert|164|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6400 rpm
| {{auto lbft|159}} @ 5000 rpm
|-
| 2007
| [[Saturn Vue#Green Line|Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid]]
| {{convert|170|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|162}} @ 4200 rpm
|-
| 2008
| [[Saturn_Vue#Green_Line_2|Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid]]
| {{convert|172|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6500 rpm
| {{auto lbft|167}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth_Generation|Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
| {{convert|164|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6400 rpm
| {{auto lbft|159}} @ 5000 rpm
|}
 
===LE9===
The '''LE9''' is an E85 compatible version of the 2.4 L — {{auto cm3in3|2384}} — '''LE5''' Ecotec. Bore and stroke are {{auto mm|88}} and {{auto mm|98}} and has a compression ratio of 10.4:1, the same as the LE5.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
|rowspan=2|2009||rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet HHR]]||{{convert|172|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm (gasoline)||{{auto lbft|167}} @ 4500 rpm (gasoline)
|-
|{{convert|176|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm (E85)
|{{auto lbft|170}} @ 5000 rpm (E85)
|}
 
===LAP===
The '''LAP''' is a 2.2 L — {{auto cm3in3|2189}} — version of the Ecotec, based on the Gen II block. Bore and stroke are {{auto mm|86}} and {{auto mm|94.6}}, the same as the 2.2 L '''L61'''. Compression ratio is 10.0:1. Major features that set it apart from the 2.2 L L61 are variable-valve-timing and other cylinder head improvements from the 2.4 L LE5.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2009
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt]]
| {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4900 rpm
|-
| 2009
| [[Pontiac G5]]
| {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4900 rpm
|}
 
===LE8===
The '''LE8''' is an E85 compatible 2.2 L — {{auto cm3in3|2189}} — version of the '''LAP''' Ecotec. Bore and stroke remain the same {{auto mm|86}} and {{auto mm|94.6}}. Compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine can run on both regular unleaded gasoline or E85.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
|rowspan=2|2009||rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet HHR]]||{{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm (gasoline)||{{auto lbft|150}} @ 4800 rpm (gasoline)
|-
|{{convert|160|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm (E85)
|{{auto lbft|158}} @ 4600 rpm (E85)
|}
 
===LAF===
The '''LAF''' is an direct injected 2.4L that delivers an estimated 180 horsepower (134 kW) @ 6700 rpm and 172 lb.-ft. of torque (232 Nm) @4900 rpm. It uses technology based on GM’s other four-cylinder direct injection applications, but with unique features designed for its specific application. This includes an 11.4:1 compression ratio that helps build power, slightly dished pistons that increase combustion efficiency and injectors with an application-specific flow rate.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
|rowspan=2|2010||rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet Equinox]]||{{convert|182|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6700 rpm (gasoline)||{{auto lbft|172}} @ 4900 rpm (gasoline)
|-
 
|}
 
==D-TEC/E-TEC II==
[[Holden]] makes various Family II engines for GM India and [[GM Daewoo]] at its [[Melbourne]] plant. Variations include displacements from 1.8&nbsp;L to 2.4&nbsp;L. Unlike the Ecotec engines, the block is made of iron.
 
===L34===
This is the 2.0&nbsp;L — {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — variant of the engines, featuring an {{auto mm|86}} bore and {{auto mm|86}} stroke. Power is {{convert|119|hp|abbr=on}} at 5400 rpm and torque is {{auto lbft|126}}.
 
The engine has been used on following vehicles:
*[[Chevrolet Optra]]
*[[Chevrolet Evanda]]
*[[Suzuki Reno]]
*[[Suzuki Forenza]]
 
 
===Other models===
*1.8&nbsp;L - [[Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[Chevrolet Nubira]], [[Chevrolet Rezzo]]
*''C24SE'', *2.4&nbsp;L [[SOHC]] - [[Isuzu Rodeo]]
*2.4&nbsp;L [[DOHC]] -  [[Chevrolet Captiva]], [[Opel Antara]]
 
==GM In Brazil==
[[GM In Brazil]] specializes in [[SOHC]] --non Ecotec-- [[FlexPower]] (alcohol and [[petrol]] powered) iron block engines.
 
*'''X20XE''' — 2.0&nbsp;L [[SFI]] [[SOHC]] 8V FlexPower
*'''X24XF''' — 2.4&nbsp;L [[MPFI]] [[SOHC]] 8V FlexPower
*'''X24SFD''' — 2.4&nbsp;L [[SFI]] [[DOHC]] 16V FlexPower


In 2004, a 2.0&nbsp;L ''MultiPower'' engine was made available for the taxi market which could use gasoline, alcohol and [[Natural gas vehicle|natural gas]].
The engine utilized a water-cooled aluminum block.  The main bearing caps were made of cast iron and held in place with two bolts each.  The cylinder block bores had interference fit cast iron liners for the piston rings to sit against. The engine block was made from 319.1 aluminum alloy and the liners were made from D5506 ductile iron.


A 2.0&nbsp;L ''FlexPower'' engine is available for the current Chevrolet Astra and Vectra. The 2006 Chevrolet Vectra also received a 2.4&nbsp;L 16V ''FlexPower'' engine.
===Crankshaft===


==GM In the Ariel Atom==
The crankshaft was supported by five main bearings with thrust taken at the middle bearing.  1991 and 1992 engines had a different crankshaft than 1993 and later engines. 1993 and later crankshafts had ten degrees advanced reluctor ring slots to aid in startability. 1991 to 1998 crankshafts incorporated 4 counterweights. 1999 to 2002 crankshafts incorporated 8 counterweights.
In late 2005 [[Brammo Motorsports]] struck a deal with GM for a [[Supercharged]] 2.0&nbsp;L Ecotec for their [[Ariel Atom]]. The engine came in various ratings from {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} to {{convert|300|hp|abbr=on}}. [[Jay Leno]] received the very first Atom for commercial sale in the US by Brammo.
===Connecting rods and pistons===


==GM ECOtec Owner Meets==
The connecting rods were forged steel with standard type crank pin bearings. The piston pins floated in the connecting rod bushings.  The pistons were cast aluminum alloy with the piston pins being retained with snap rings.
GM supports the owners of its ECOtec vehicles by holding owners meets at various auto enthusiast events across the country{{Clarifyme|what country?|date=June 2008}}. These events offer Q&A with ECOtec engine engineers, meet-n-greet's with the GM Race car drivers and inside info before it's released anywhere else. At most events GM brings out cars that are not yet in production to give current owners a "sneak peek" at the new line of ECOtec powered vehicles before they hit the streets.
===Timing chain===
The timing chain was hydraulic tensioned and had a ratchet mechanism to keep the chain tight.  The timing chain rode on one pivoting chain guide resting on the ratchet tensioner and one fixed guide attached to the engine block and cylinder head. The 1991 to 1998 DOHC engine had an upper timing chain guide in between the camshaft sprockets.  The timing chain was lubricated via cast-off from the top of the cylinder head and one 'squirter' on the oil pump housing. The SOHC and DOHC engines used different timing chain sets.


'''2008 ECOtec Owner Meet Schedule'''
==SOHC LK0/L24==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
The SOHC (LK0/L24) cylinder head had 8 valves and was made of lost foam cast aluminum.  The camshaft was located in the center of the cylinder head and driven by a chain off the front crankshaft sprocket.  Motion from the camshaft was transmitted to the eight valves by the hydraulic lifters and rocker arms.
|-
! Date
! City
! Event
! Location
|-
| 7/12
| Charlotte, NC
| HIN
| Lowe's Motor Speedway
|-
| 7/19
| Orlando, FL
| HIN
| Orange County Convention Center
|-
| 8/16-17
| Richmond, VA
| NOPI
| Virginia International Raceway
|-
| 8/23-24
| Englishtown, NJ
| NOP
| Old Bridge Raceway Park
|-
| 9/20-21
| Atlanta, GA
| NOPI Nationals
| Atlanta Motor Speedway
|-
| 9/27
| Minneapolis, MN
| HIN
| Minneapolis Convention Center
|-
| 10/11
| Dallas, TX
| HIN
| Dallas Convention Center
|}


==See also==
The LK0 engine first used TBI (Throttle Body Injection) for fuel delivery and was rated at 85 hp (63 kW) and 110 ft·lbf (149 N·m) of torque from 1991 to 1994.
*[[GM Family 1 engine]]
*[[GM Family 0 engine]]
*[[List of GM engines]]


==References==
The L24 engine received MPFI (Multi-Port Fuel Injection) in 1995 which increased power output to 100 hp (75 kW) and 114 ft·lbf (155 N·m).  This engine was used from 1995 to 2002.
*{{cite journal|journal=[[Car and Driver]]|issue=May 2000|pages=93|title=Getting Rid of the H-Word|author=Larry Webster}}


===Notes===
The SOHC engine was available on the base model S-series vehicles (SC1, SL, SL1, SW, SW1)
{{reflist}}
==DOHC LL0==
The DOHC cylinder head had 16 valves and was made of lost foam cast aluminum. The camshafts were held in the cylinder head with bearing caps and driven by a chain off the front crankshaft sprocket. Motion from the camshafts was transmitted to the 16 valves by direct-acting hydraulic lifters.


==External links==
All LLO engines used MPFI and were rated at 124 hp (92 kW) and 122 ft·lbf (165 N·m). The DOHC engine was available on the upper-level model S-series vehicles (SC, SC2, SL2, SW2). A revision of the LL0 appeared in 1999 and used a roller camshaft with hydraulic lifters and rocker arms
{{linkfarm}}
* '''[http://www.kappaperformance.com/ KappaPerformance.com - Performance Forum for the Pontiac Solstice, Saturn Sky, Opel GT & Daewoo G2X]'''
*http://www.seecarclub.net
*http://www.GMTunerSource.com
*http://www.ChevyHHRFamily.net
*http://cobaltss.net
*http://chevyhhr.net
*http://chevyhhrfamily.net
*http://LSJBuildUp.com
*http://redlineforums.com
*http://media.gm.com/us/powertrain/en/product_services/2008/08car.htm
*http://www.turbocobalts.com
*http://www.socalecotecs.com/
*http://www.ionforums.net/
*http://www.clubsaturnquebec.com/
*http://www.z22se.co.uk/
*http://www.ontariocobaltclub.com/


[[Category:GM engines|Family II]]
==Images==
[[Image:Saturn_sohc_head.jpg|left|thumb|250px|LK0/L24 head]]
[[Image:P3150306.JPG|right|thumb|180x|1991-1998 LL0 head]]
[[Image:Saturn_crankshafts.jpg|left|thumb|Crankshafts]]
[[Image:Connecting_rod.jpg|right|thumb|1991-1998 connecting rod]]


[[ca:Motor Family II de GM]]
[[Category:GM engines|Saturn]]
[[ko:지엠 패밀리 2 엔진]]
[[it:GM Family II]]

Latest revision as of 15:27, 3 February 2009

Saturn engine
GM LL0 Engine.jpg
ManufacturerGeneral Motors
Also called"Single Cam" or
"Twin Cam"
TypeStraight-4
Bore82.0 mm (3.23")
Stroke90.0 mm (3.54")
Displacement1.9 L (116 cu in)
Dry weightSOHC: 196.74 lb (89.24 kg)
DOHC: 220.22 lb (99.89 kg)
Block alloyAluminum
Head alloyAluminum
ValvetrainSOHC 8V (LK0/L24)
DOHC 16V (LL0)
Fuel systemLK0: TBI
L24/LL0: MPFI
Fuel typeUnleaded fuel, 87 octane
Oil systemPressure feed
Cooling systemWatercooled
Power outputLK0: 85 hp (63 kW)
L24: 100 hp (75 kW)
LL0: 124 hp (92 kW)
Specific powerLK0: 44.73 hp/L
L24: 52.63 hp/L
LL0: 65.26 hp/L
Torque outputLK0: 110 ft·lbf (149 N·m)
L24: 114 ft·lbf (155 N·m)
LL0: 122 ft·lbf (165 N·m)
Compression ratioLK0/L24: 9.3:1
LL0: 9.5:1

The powerplant used in Saturn S-series automobiles was a straight-4 aluminum piston engine produced by General Motors. The engine was only used in the Saturn S-series line of vehicles (SL, SC, SW) from 1991 through 2002. It was available in chain-driven SOHC or DOHC variants.

This was an innovative engine for the time using the lost foam casting process for the engine block and cylinder head. Saturn was one of the first to use this casting process in a full-scale high-production environment. Both engine types used the same engine block.

Engine block

The engine utilized a water-cooled aluminum block. The main bearing caps were made of cast iron and held in place with two bolts each. The cylinder block bores had interference fit cast iron liners for the piston rings to sit against. The engine block was made from 319.1 aluminum alloy and the liners were made from D5506 ductile iron.

Crankshaft

The crankshaft was supported by five main bearings with thrust taken at the middle bearing. 1991 and 1992 engines had a different crankshaft than 1993 and later engines. 1993 and later crankshafts had ten degrees advanced reluctor ring slots to aid in startability. 1991 to 1998 crankshafts incorporated 4 counterweights. 1999 to 2002 crankshafts incorporated 8 counterweights.

Connecting rods and pistons

The connecting rods were forged steel with standard type crank pin bearings. The piston pins floated in the connecting rod bushings. The pistons were cast aluminum alloy with the piston pins being retained with snap rings.

Timing chain

The timing chain was hydraulic tensioned and had a ratchet mechanism to keep the chain tight. The timing chain rode on one pivoting chain guide resting on the ratchet tensioner and one fixed guide attached to the engine block and cylinder head. The 1991 to 1998 DOHC engine had an upper timing chain guide in between the camshaft sprockets. The timing chain was lubricated via cast-off from the top of the cylinder head and one 'squirter' on the oil pump housing. The SOHC and DOHC engines used different timing chain sets.

SOHC LK0/L24

The SOHC (LK0/L24) cylinder head had 8 valves and was made of lost foam cast aluminum. The camshaft was located in the center of the cylinder head and driven by a chain off the front crankshaft sprocket. Motion from the camshaft was transmitted to the eight valves by the hydraulic lifters and rocker arms.

The LK0 engine first used TBI (Throttle Body Injection) for fuel delivery and was rated at 85 hp (63 kW) and 110 ft·lbf (149 N·m) of torque from 1991 to 1994.

The L24 engine received MPFI (Multi-Port Fuel Injection) in 1995 which increased power output to 100 hp (75 kW) and 114 ft·lbf (155 N·m). This engine was used from 1995 to 2002.

The SOHC engine was available on the base model S-series vehicles (SC1, SL, SL1, SW, SW1)

DOHC LL0

The DOHC cylinder head had 16 valves and was made of lost foam cast aluminum. The camshafts were held in the cylinder head with bearing caps and driven by a chain off the front crankshaft sprocket. Motion from the camshafts was transmitted to the 16 valves by direct-acting hydraulic lifters.

All LLO engines used MPFI and were rated at 124 hp (92 kW) and 122 ft·lbf (165 N·m). The DOHC engine was available on the upper-level model S-series vehicles (SC, SC2, SL2, SW2). A revision of the LL0 appeared in 1999 and used a roller camshaft with hydraulic lifters and rocker arms

Images

LK0/L24 head
1991-1998 LL0 head
Crankshafts
1991-1998 connecting rod
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