Difference between revisions of "GM Family II engine"

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{{Refimprove|date=September 2008}}
The '''Family II''' is a [[straight-4]] [[piston engine]] that was originally developed by [[Opel]] in late 1970s for use in the [[Opel Ascona]] B and [[Opel Kadett#Kadett D|Opel Kadett D]]. Over time, the engine block has evolved to include many modern features such as [[DOHC]] and [[fuel injection]]. Family II has also expanded to include a range of [[Opel]] derived 6 cylinder engines.  Many [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] subsidiaries, including [[Holden]], [[GM do Brasil]] and recently [[GM Powertrain]] have adopted this design. It is also starting to be used in [[hot rod]]s as an engine swap.


[[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] was the first [[automobile]] maker to mass produce a [[V8]] engine. The company has produced eight generations of V8s since 1914, and today is the only [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] division to retain its own V8 design.
===[[20NE]], [[20SE]], [[20SEH]], [[C20NE]],===


==L-Head==
These engines formed the basis of the modern Family II lineup. Configuration was limited to a single over head cam, and 2 Valves per cylinder (8 valves total). The 20NE served as the base, where later Family II motors evolved.
The '''Type 51''' was the first Cadillac V8. Introduced in 1914, it was the standard engine for 1915 Cadillac models. It was a 90° design with an L-head ([[sidevalve]]) configuration and was [[water cooled]]. Bore was 3.125 in and stroke was 5.125 in, for a total of {{Auto CID|314}} of displacement. Output was {{Convert|70|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.


The engine was refined for 1923 with a new split [[crankshaft]] that introduced the (now standard) 90° offset for each pair of cylinders. Power was up to {{Convert|83.5|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.
Common features include:
 
- Cast iron block


The L-Head was on the [[Ward's 10 Best Engines#20th century|Ward's 10 Best Engines of the 20th century]] list.
- 6 bolt flywheel


L-Head applications:
- Aluminum head.
* [[Cadillac Type 51]]
* [[Cadillac Type 53]]
* [[Cadillac Type 55]]
* [[Cadillac Type 57]]
* [[Cadillac Type 59]]
* [[Cadillac Type 61]]
* [[Cadillac V-63]]
* [[Cadillac Series 341]]


Cadillac created a new V8, the '''341''', for 1928. It was a 341 in³ engine and produced {{Convert|90|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The same year saw the introduction of the [[synchromesh]] transmission. This engine was used in the [[Cadillac Series 341|Series 341 and 341B]] cars of 1928 and 1929.
- 1998 cc, 86 mm x 86 mm bore/stroke


From 1930 through 1935, Cadillac produced a version with an increased displacement of {{Auto CID|353}}. This used a {{Auto in|3.38}} bore and {{Auto in|4.94}} stroke. This engine was used in the [[Cadillac Series 353|Series 353/355/355B/355C/355D]] and [[Cadillac Series 10|Series 10]].
Individual differences:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Engine
! Power
! Torque
! [[Compression Ratio|Ratio]]
! Engine Management
! (Other)
|-
| [[20NE]]
| {{convert|116|hp|kW}} @ 5200 rpm
| {{auto Nm|175}} @ 2600 rpm
| 9.2:1
| Motronic ML 4.1
|
|-
| [[20SE]]
| {{convert|122|hp|kW}}
|
| 10.0:1
| Motronic ML 4.1
| <small>High compression pistons</small>
|-
| [[20SEH]]
| {{convert|130|hp|kW}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto Nm|180}}
| 10.0:1
| Motronic ML 4.1
| <small>High compression pistons; More aggressive camshaft than [[20SE]]</small>
|-
| [[C20NE]]
| {{convert|115|hp|kW}} @ 5200 rpm
| {{auto Nm|170}} @ 2600 rpm
| 9.2:1
| Motronic 1.5/Motronic 1.5.2
| <small>Catalytic converter; Lambda sensor.</small>
|}
 
A South African derivative of the 20SEH engine was used until 1999 in the Astra/Kadett models featuring 10:1 compression ratio and a Bosch Motronic 1.5.4 engine management system. Quoted power was {{convert|95|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto Nm|180}} of torque.
 
The 2 liter 8v OHC engines is used in the base versions of:
* [[Opel Calibra]]
* [[Opel Astra]] F
* [[Opel Omega]] A
* [[Opel Kadett]] E
* [[Opel Ascona]] C
* [[Opel Frontera]] A
* [[Opel Vectra]] A-A2-B
 
* [[Vauxhall Cavalier]]
* [[Vauxhall Astra]]
* [[Vauxhall Carlton]]
* [[Vauxhall Frontera]]
* [[Vauxhall Calibra]]
 
===20XE, 20XEJ, [[C20XE]], [[C20LET]]===
The naturally-aspirated 16-valve version of the '''2.0&nbsp;L'''— {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — [[cast iron]] block engine is the successor to the [[OHC]]-engines and a predecessor to the 16-valve Ecotec-line of engines.
 
This lineup features the same block as the OHC based engines with an {{convert|86|mm|in|abbr=on}} bore & stroke and a [[Cosworth]]-developed [[DOHC]] [[cylinder head]] ([[Cosworth]] Project KB). The cylinder heads were manufactured by either [[Cosworth]] or, at a latter date, [[Kolben Schmidt]]. In general, the heads from this lineup are supposed to flow appreciablу better than their Ecotec successors. Power output is rated at 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp) at 6000&nbsp;rpm and 196&nbsp;N·m at 4600&nbsp;rpm ([[C20XE]]) or 156&nbsp;hp (20XE).
 
Common features:
<br>-{{auto cm3in3|1998}}; {{convert|86|x|86|mm|in|abbr=on}} bore&nbsp;x&nbsp;stroke
<br>-Cast iron block
<br>-Aluminium head
<br>-Aluminium oil pan with cooling fins
<br>-Air mass flow meter
<br>-Knock sensors
<br>-Twin Camshafts
<br>-8 bolt flywheel
 
[[20XE]]
<br>-{{convert|157|hp|abbr=on}}
<br>-{{Auto Nm|198}}
<br>-Compression ratio: 10.8-1
<br>-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.5
 
[[C20XE]]
<br>-150 bhp @ 6000 rpm
<br>-{{Auto Nm|196}} @ 4600 rpm
<br>-Compression ratio: 10.8-1
<br>-Catalytic converter
<br>-Lambda sensor
<br>-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.8
 
[[C20LET]]
<br>-204 hp @ 5600 rpm
<br>-{{Auto Nm|280}} @ 2400 rpm
<br>-102 bhp/litre
<br>-Compression ratio: 9.0-1
<br>-Catalytic converter
<br>-Lambda sensor
<br>-Different camshafts
<br>-Turbo pressure: {{convert|0.6|bar|psi|lk=on}} continuous with a {{convert|0.8|bar|psi|lk=on}} overboost
<br>-Engine Management: Bosch Motronic M2.7
<br>-The map sensor is built into the ECU.
<br>-Turbo used in the C20LET: KKK16, integral water cooling and oil lubrication.
 
These engines were used in:
* [[Opel Kadett]] GSI 16v
* [[Opel Vectra]] 2000
* [[Opel Vectra]] GT 16V
* [[Opel Vectra]] Turbo
* [[Opel Calibra]] Turbo
* [[Opel Calibra]] 16V
* [[Opel Astra]] GSi 16v
* [[Opel Astra]] Irmscher caravan
* [[Lada 110]]
 
The turbocharged version of the [[C20XE]], branded [[C20LET]] was also offered in the [[Opel]]/[[Vauxhall]] [[Calibra]] and [[Vectra]] Turbo.  The [[C20LET]] is essentially the same as the [[C20XE]], bar the lower compression, forged [[Mahle]] pistons turbocharger, Bosh Motronic M2.7 with MAP a sensor.  There are also slight revisions to the block which provide an oil inlet/outlet  for the turbocharger.
 
===[[C25XE]]===
 
Opel later developed a 2.5 liter V6 engine based on the C20XE's design.  The V6 powerplant featured four camshafts and 4 valves per cylinder.  The [[C25XE]] found use in the V6 Calibra/Vectra A/A2/Omega B.
 
<br>-{{auto cm3in3|2498}}
<br>-170 hp @ 6000 rpm
<br>-{{auto Nm|226}} @ 4200 rpm
Engine Management Bosch Motronic 2.8
 
===[[X20XEV]]===
The first engine Opel branded as Ecotec, a mass-market successor to the [[C20XE]] with a [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-developed [[cylinder head]]. The new cylinder head had a smaller valve angle compared to the older [[C20XE]], which was supposed to give more torque in the lower revs. It is a {{auto cm3in3|1998}} naturally aspirated engine with 16 valves and belt driven double overhead camshafts ([[DOHC]]). {{convert|86|mm|in|abbr=on}} bore and stroke in cast iron [[OHC]]-derived cylinder block and aluminium cylinder head. [[X20XEV]] was equipped with exhaust gas recirculation ([[EGR]]) to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions and [[air injection reactor]] (AIR) to speed up the warming up of the catalytic converter and to reduce unburnt [[hydrocarbons]] and [[carbon monoxide]]. Power 100 kW / 136 hp.
 
This engine was used in:
* [[Opel Calibra]] 94-
* [[Opel Vectra]] 94-
* [[Opel Astra]] 94-
* [[Opel Omega]] 94-


==Monobloc==
===[[X25XE]], X30XE===
A {{Auto CID|322}} "monoblock" engine was used in 1936's [[Cadillac Series 60|Series 60]]. It was designed to be the company's next-generation powerplant at reduced cost from the 353 and [[Cadillac V16 engine|Cadillac V12]]. The monoblock's cylinder heads were cast as one unit with the engine block, and it used hydraulic valve lifters for durability. This design allowed the creation of the mid-priced Series 60 line.


Bore was {{Auto in|3.375}} and stroke was {{Auto in|4.5}}. This engine was modified with a {{Auto in|3.5}} bore for the 1936-1948 {{Auto CID|346}} engine. This was used in the [[Cadillac Series 60|Series 60/60S/61/62/63/65/67]] and [[Cadillac Series 70|70/72/75]]. It was also used in [[tank]]s in [[World War II]].
A V6 engine - essentially an Ecotec version of the C25XE. It has similar design features to the X20XEV - particularly the cylender heads and emission reduction hardware. This engine was used in the Opel Omega.


===LaSalle===
The X25XE was also used in Later Models of Vectra B from 2000 until 2002. It was to prove popular in Police Vehicles in the UK.
In 1937, the new [[Monobloc]] [[Flathead]] gained 24 in&#179; in [[Cadillac]] [[V-8]] models to {{Auto CID|346}}, while the [[LaSalle]] [[La Salle Straight-8 engine|Straight-8]] of 1934–1936 that was an [[Oldsmobile]] engine actually was replaced with the 1936 smaller {{Auto CID|322}} version at {{Convert|125|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. In 1941, the [[LaSalle]] nameplate was phased out along with the 322 in&#179;, and Cadillacs, all 346 in&#179; powered, were available with the new [[Hydramatic]] [[automatic transmission]] which debuted in Oldsmobile the previous year. These engines were produced through 1948.


==OHV==<!-- This section is linked from [[V8 engine]] -->
==Ecotec==
[[Image:1962 Cadillac Series 62 390 engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|1962 [[Cadillac Series 62]] 390 V8 engine]]
The '''[[Ecotec]]''' name was adopted in 2000 for the new generation of Family II engines. The name was already used for the Opel GM Family II engine, [[GM Family 1 engine|Family 1]] and [[GM Family 0 engine|Family 0]] ranges. GM intends this new Ecotec to become its global 4-cylinder.


===331===
The Ecotec Family II is a [[DOHC]] [[multivalve|4-valve]] design with an aluminum block and head (L850 for 86&nbsp;mm bore applications, and L880 for 88&nbsp;mm bore), designed for displacements from 1.8 to 2.4&nbsp;L. It was developed by an international team of engineers and technicians from [[Opel]]'s ''International Technical Development Center'' in [[Rüsselsheim]], [[Germany]], [[GM Powertrain]] in [[Pontiac, Michigan]], and [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] in [[Trollhättan]], [[Sweden]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Much of the development work on this project was carried out by [http://www.grouplotus.com/eng/ Lotus Engineering], Hethel, [[United Kingdom]]. The engine uses [[aluminum]] pistons and cast [[iron]] cylinder liners. Vibration is reduced with twin [[balance shaft]]s.  
For 1949, Cadillac and [[Oldsmobile]] each produced a new V8 design (the Oldsmobile engine was the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#303|303]]).
Both of the engines were [[Overhead valve]] designs. The Cadillac 331 engine featured a "dry" (coolant exited through an assembly attached directly to the cylinder heads), open runner (requiring the use of a tappet valley cover) intake manifold, rear-mounted distributor, and shaft-mounted rockers. An untrained eye could mistake this engine for the [[AMC V8 engine| GEN 1 AMC V8 engine ]] whereas the AMC counterpart uses two wing nuts per cover in its centerline, the Cadillac parts are secured through screws in its gasket perimeter. This engine also featured an oiling scheme that used a cast-in passage above and between the lifter galleries. This fed oil to the cam and crank by grooves machined into the cam bores. A single drilled passage per bearing saddle fed both cam and crank journals. This design was used in the [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine]], [[AMC V8 engine| GEN 1 AMC V8 engine ]], and the 'top oiler' [[Ford FE engine]] and the [[Ford MEL engine| Ford MEL V8 ]]. A design that it shares with the Oldsmobile Rocket V8 is a skirtless block where the oil pan flange does not descend appreciably below the crankshaft centerline.


===365===
The current Ecotec line is manufactured in [[Tonawanda, New York]], [[Kaiserslautern, Germany]], and (for [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]]) in [[Spring Hill, Tennessee]].
Displacement was up to {{Auto CID|365}} for 1956, and the 1958 Eldorado 3-2bbl version produced {{Convert|335|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.


===390===
===[[Turbocharged|Turbo]]===
A longer stroke pushed displacement to {{Auto CID|390}} for 1959, yielding {{Convert|325|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, while the Eldorado six-pack reached {{Convert|345|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.
Opel/Vauxhall offers a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] version of the '''2.0&nbsp;L''' — {{auto cm3in3|1998}} —  Ecotec (the Z20LET) in a cast iron block; it features a square 86&nbsp;mm (3.38&nbsp;in) bore and stroke, 9.5:1 compression, 200&nbsp;hp (147&nbsp;kW) and 195&nbsp;lb·ft (265&nbsp;N·m) of torque.


==Redesigned OHV==
This engine is used in:
For the 1963 model year Cadillac updated their V8 engine, modernizing the tooling used in the production line while optimizing the engine's design. Although it shared the same layout and architecture with the 1949-vintage engine, the revised engine had shorter [[connecting rod]]s and was {{Auto in|1}} lower, {{Auto in|4}} narrower, and {{Auto in|1.25}} shorter. The accessories (water pump, [[power steering]] pump, [[distributor]]) mounted on a [[die-cast]] [[aluminum]] housing at the front of the engine for improved accessibility. An [[alternator]] replaced the former [[Electrical generator|generator]]. The [[crankshaft]] was cored out to make it both lighter and stronger. The revised engine was {{Auto lb|52}} lighter than its predecessor, for a total dry weight of {{Auto lb|595}}.
* [[Opel Astra]]
* [[Opel Zafira]]
* [[Opel Speedster]]


===390===
===LK9===
For 1963 the revised engine shared the same {{Auto in|4.00}} bore and {{Auto in|3.875}} stroke of its predecessor, for an unchanged displacement of {{Auto CID|390}}. Power was unchanged at {{Convert|325|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, as was torque at {{Auto lbft|430}}.
LK9 is a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] '''2.0&nbsp;L'''— {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — version of the L61 utilizing a reinforced sand cast aluminum cylinder head and reinforced internal components. It features an 86&nbsp;mm (3.39&nbsp;in) bore and stroke and a 9.5:1 compression ratio.  Power is {{convert|210|hp|kW}} at 5300 rpm and {{auto lbft|220}} of torque at 2500 rpm. Maximum boost is {{convert|12.3|psi|bar|abbr=on}}.


===429===
*2003–present [[Saab 9-3]]
For 1964 the engine had a {{Auto in|4.13}} bore and a {{Auto in|4.00}} stroke, raising displacement to {{Auto CID|429}}. Power rose to {{Convert|340|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and torque to {{Auto lbft|480}}. The 429 was used through the 1967 model year.


==World's largest==
===LNF===
Although the modernized engine was compact and light for its displacement and output, {{Auto CID|429}} represented the limit of the original architecture's expansion, and it had been surpassed by [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]]'s [[Chrysler RB engine#440|440]] and [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]'s [[Ford MEL engine|462]]. As a result Cadillac introduced an all-new engine for 1968.  
[[Image:Car show 013.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec LNF in a [[Pontiac Solstice]]]]
A turbocharged [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injected]] (redubbed ''Spark Ignition Direct Injection'') Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 [[Pontiac Solstice|Solstice GXP]]. Displacement is 2.0&nbsp;L — {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — with a square 86&nbsp;mm (3.38&nbsp;in) bore and stroke. Compression is 9.2:1 and maximum boost is 20.0 psi, delivering 260&nbsp;hp (194&nbsp;kW) at 5300 rpm and 260&nbsp;lb·ft (353&nbsp;N·m) of torque from 2500–5250 rpm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pontiac.com/solstice/specs_performance.jsp|title=Turbo ECOTEC 2.0L|accessdate=March 26|accessyear=2008}}</ref> Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is recommended. The "Gen II" block is similar to the 2.4&nbsp;L and also features [[VVT]] technology.


===472===
Unique LNF features<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060403/FREE/60403004/1024/LATESTNEWS|title=Big Power, Small Package|work=[[AutoWeek]]|accessmonthday=April 4 |accessyear=2006}}</ref> include:
At introduction, the new engine had a {{Auto in|4.30}} bore and a {{Auto in|4.06}} stroke for a displacement of {{Auto CID|472}}. It delivered {{Convert|375|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 RPM, and a massive {{Auto lbft|525}} torque, produced at just 3000 RPM. The new engine was about {{Auto lb|80}} heavier than its predecessor. It was used through 1974. It was designed with potential for a 600-cubic inch displacement.
* a twin-scroll [[turbocharger]]
* [[gasoline direct injection]]
* [[variable valve timing]] on both intake and exhaust
* [[sodium]]-filled [[poppet valve|valves]]
* oil-cooled low-friction cast pistons


===500===<!-- This section is linked from [[V8 engine]] -->
This engine is used in:
For 1970 Cadillac fitted a crankshaft with a {{Auto in|4.304}} stroke, increasing total displacement on the engine to {{Auto CID|500}}. At introduction it was rated at {{Convert|400|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, SAE gross, and {{Auto lbft|550}} of torque. For 1971 compression was reduced from 10:1 to 8.5:1, the lowered compression ratio dropped the 500's [[Horsepower#SAE gross horsepower|gross output]] from {{convert|400|bhp|kW}} to {{convert|365|bhp|kW}}, or {{convert|235|hp|kW}} in the new [[Horsepower#SAE net horsepower|SAE net]] ratings. By 1976, its final year, it had fallen to {{convert|190|hp|kW}}. However, a new [[Bendix Corporation|Bendix]] [[electronic fuel injection]] system was offered as an option, and it increased power output to {{Convert|215|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.
* 2007–present [[Opel GT#Modern Opel GT|Opel GT]]
The 500 was exclusive to the Eldorado until 1975 where the powerplant was available in all Cadillacs except for the Seville, which was powered by a fuel-injected [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350]].
* 2007–present [[Pontiac Solstice|Solstice GXP]]
* 2007–present [[Saturn Sky|Saturn Sky Red Line]]
* 2008 [[Chevrolet HHR|Chevy HHR SS]]
* 2008 [[Chevrolet Cobalt SS]]


{| class="wikitable"
It will also be sold and used in:
!Year
* 2009 [[Fisker Karma]]
! Engine Vin Code
 
! Engine Letter Code
===[[DI]]===
! Cubic Inch
A high-end [[direct injection]] version of the 2.2&nbsp;L Ecotec is available for:
! Rated Horsepower
*[[Opel Vectra]]
! Rated Torque
*[[Opel Signum]]
! Bore & Stroke
 
! Compression Ratio
A high-end direct injected 2.4L Ecotec is available for the 2010 Chevy Equinox. This engine makes {{convert|180|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} and {{convert|172|ftlbf|Nm|abbr=on}} of torque, partly due to an 11.4:1 compression ratio<ref name=GMpress20081217>{{cite news | first=Dan | last=Roth | coauthors= | title=DI FTW: GM unveils new direct-injection 2.4L EcoTec and 3.0L V6 | work=autoblog.com | url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/18/di-ftw-gm-new-direct-inject-2-4l-ecotec-and-3-0l-v6 | date=2008-12-17 | accessdate=2008-12-17}}</ref>.
! Oil Pressure
 
PSI
===L61===
[[Image:Chevrolet classic engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec L61 engine in a [[Chevrolet Classic]]]]
[[Image:2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec.JPG|right|thumb|250px|2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec engine]]
:This engine is also known as a Z22SE in other countries such as The United Kingdom and Australia
The basic Family II architecture was substantially reengineered in 2000, becoming the '''Ecotec 2.2''', model '''L61''' (or '''L42''' for the [[compressed natural gas|CNG]] version). First appearing in the 2000 [[Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1]], the L61 spread throughout North American GM products, displacing the [[GM Quad-4 engine|Quad 4]] and its descendents.
 
Unlike its notably harsh predecessor, the L61 was designed for smoothness. dual in-block [[balance shaft]]s were integral to the design, and all accessories were mounted directly to the engine block to reduce vibration. The oil filter was cast into the block with a removable cover and replaceable paper element.
 
Displacement for the 2.2&nbsp;L engine is {{auto cm3in3|2196}} with an 86&nbsp;mm (3.38&nbsp;in) bore and 94.6&nbsp;mm (3.72&nbsp;in) stroke. Compression is 9.5:1 or 10:1, delivering 135 to 143&nbsp;hp (101 to 107&nbsp;kW) and 142 to 152&nbsp;lb·ft (193 to 206&nbsp;N·m) of torque. The Ecotec line is manufactured in [[Tonawanda, New York]], [[Kaiserslautern, Germany]], and (for [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]]) in [[Spring Hill, Tennessee]]. The L61-powered [[Saturn Ion]] replaced the [[Saturn I4 engine|Saturn]]-powered [[Saturn S-Series]].
 
There are a few variations to the standard L61. The new [[Chevrolet Malibu]] uses a version with [[electronic throttle control]] and a special unitized [[exhaust manifold]] and [[catalytic converter]]. The 2003 [[Saturn L-Series]] has a high output version with higher (10:1) compression and more aggressive [[camshaft]]. The Malibu and Saturn versions also use return-less [[fuel injection]]. The 2002 [[Saturn VUE]] was the first North American variant of the L61 to be equipped with [[electronic throttle control]], whereas other applications did not arise until 2005 in the [[Saturn ION]] and [[Chevrolet Cobalt]].
 
In 2007 the L61 was upgraded with a second generation cylinder case, Coil on plug ignition, 58x crankshaft position sensing and a 32-bit computer.
 
The 2.2&nbsp;L Ecotec is used in the following cars:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2002–2005
| [[Chevrolet Cavalier]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
| 2004
| [[Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Classic (Malibu)]]
| {{convert|144|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1968-1969||None||None||472||375 hp @ 4400 rpm||525 lb·ft @ 3000 rpm||4.300 X 4.060||10.5:1||33
| 2005–2006
|rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet Cobalt]]
| {{convert|145|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1970||None||None||472||375 hp @ 4400 rpm||525 lb·ft @ 3000 rpm||4.300 X 4.060||10.0:1||35-40
| 2007–2008
| {{convert|148|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|152}} @ 4200 rpm
|-
|-
|1970||None||None||500||400 hp @ 4400 rpm||550 lb·ft @ 3000 rpm||4.300 X 4.304||10.0:1||35-40
| 2006
| [[Chevrolet HHR]]
| {{convert|143|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1971||R||61E,Q||472||345 hp @ 4400 rpm||500 lb·ft @ 2800 rpm||4.300 X 4.060||8.5:1||35-40
| 2007–2008
| [[Chevrolet HHR]]
| {{convert|149|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|152}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1971||S||61E,Q||500||365 hp @ 4400 rpm||535 lb·ft @ 2800 rpm||4.300 X 4.304||8.5:1||35-40
| 2002–2004
| [[Oldsmobile Alero]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1972||R||62E,Q||472||220 hp @ 4400 rpm||365 lb·ft @ 2400 rpm||4.300 X 4.060||8.5:1||35
| 2002–2005
| [[Pontiac Grand Am]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1972||S||62E,Q||500||235 hp @ 4400 rpm||385 lb·ft @ 2400 rpm||4.300 X 4.304||8.5:1||35
| 2002–2005
| [[Pontiac Sunfire]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1973||R||63E,Q||472||220 hp @ 4400 rpm||365 lb·ft @ 2400 rpm||4.300 X 4.060||8.5:1||35
| 2005–2008
| [[Pontiac G5]]/Pursuit
| {{convert|145|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1973||S||63E,Q||500||235 hp @ 4400 rpm||385 lb·ft @ 2400 rpm||4.300 X 4.304||8.5:1||35
| 2003–2005
| [[Saturn L-Series]] (high output)
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|145}} @ 4000 rpm
|  
|  
|-
|-
|1974||R||64E,Q||472||205 hp @ 4400 rpm||365 lb·ft @ 2400 rpm||4.300 X 4.060||8.5:1||35
| 2003–2007
| [[Saturn Ion]]
| {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|145}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1974||S||64E,Q||500||210 hp @ 3600 rpm||380 lb·ft @ 2000 rpm||4.300 X 4.304||8.5:1||35
| 2002–2007
| [[Saturn VUE]]
| {{convert|143|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|155}} @ 4000 rpm
|
|-
|-
|1975||S||65E,Q||500||210 hp @ 3600 rpm||380 lb·ft @ 2000 rpm||4.300 X 4.304||8.5:1||35
| 2001–2005
| [[Vauxhall VX220]]/[[Opel Speedster]]
| {{convert|147|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
|-
|1976||S||66E,Q||500||190 hp @ 3600 rpm||360 lb·ft @ 2000 rpm||4.300 X 4.304||8.5:1||35
|
| [[Opel Astra|Opel]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]/[[Holden]] Astra
|  
|  
|-
|  
| [[Opel Vectra|Opel]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]/[[Holden]] Vectra
|
|  
|-
|
| [[Opel Zafira|Opel]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]/[[Holden]] Zafira/[[Subaru]] Traviq
|
|  
|}
|}


==Downsized OHV==
Following the GM-Fiat agreement, the 2.2&nbsp;L engine is also used in
The market of the 1970s forced Cadillac to downsize its vehicles and engines. While the [[Cadillac Seville]] used a {{Auto CID|350}} Oldsmobile V8, Cadillac also began work on smaller proprietary engines.
* [[Fiat Croma]]
* [[Alfa Romeo 159]]


===425===
===L42===
In 1977 Cadillac introduced a new {{Auto CID|425}} V8, based on the architecture of the 472, but with a smaller, {{Auto in|4.08}} bore and the same{{Auto in|4.06}} stroke. The new engine was also {{Auto lb|100}} lighter.  
The '''Ecotec 2.2''', model '''L42''' is the [[compressed natural gas|CNG]] version of the Ecotec 2.2. It delivers 129&nbsp;hp (96&nbsp;kW) and 129&nbsp;lb·ft (175&nbsp;N·m).


The 425 was offered in '''L33''' form, with a four-barrel carburetor, producing {{Convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4000&nbsp;rpm and {{Auto lbft|320}} of torque at 2000 RPM, and '''L35''' with electronic port [[fuel injection]] for {{Convert|195|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}; torque was the same, but peaked at 2400 RPM.
===LSJ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Roots type supercharger]] -->
[[Image:2006 Saturn Ion Red Line engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 [[Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion Red Line]]]]
The '''LSJ''' is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec with an [[Eaton Corporation|Eaton]] M62 [[Roots-type supercharger]] and air-to-liquid [[intercooler]]. It is rated at {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} at 5600 rpm and {{auto lbft|200}} at 4400 rpm with a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a 6500 rpm redline. With the end of the Chevy Cobalt S/C SS and Saturn Ion Red Line, The LSJ will no longer be available in a production car after 2007.


The 425 was used through 1979 on all Cadillacs except the Seville.
The LSJ was on the [[Ward's 10 Best Engines]] list for 2006.


===368 and V8-6-4===
This engine is used in:
In 1980 the 425 was replaced with the '''L61''', which was the same basic 472 family engine de-bored to {{Auto in|3.80}} but retaining the 472 and 425 engines' 4.06" stroke for a total displacement of {{Auto CID|368}}. The reduction in displacement was largely an effort to meet [[Corporate Average Fuel Economy|CAFE]] requirements for fuel economy. Throttle-body fuel injection was now standard except for Commercial Chassis for hearse and ambulance builders.


Cadillac referred to this new TBI (throttle body injection) fuel system as Digital Fuel Injection (DFI); this particular induction system was later adopted by other GM divisions, except on Oldsmobile V8s, and was used well into the 1990s on GM trucks.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2004–2007
| [[Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion Red Line]]
| {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|200}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
| 2005–2007
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt SS|Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged Coupe]]
| {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|200}} @ 4400 rpm
|}


Power output dropped to {{Convert|145|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3600 RPM and torque to {{Auto lbft|270}} at 2000 RPM in DEFI forms as used on the front wheel drive Seville and Eldorado but 150hp on the 4-barrel Quadrajet-equipped RWD models. This engine was standard on all Cadillacs except the redesigned [[Cadillac Seville|Seville]], in which it was optional.
===LE5===
[[Image:2006 Pontiac Solstice Ecotec LE5 engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ecotec LE5 engine in a 2006 [[Pontiac Solstice]]]]
The '''LE5''' is a larger 2.4&nbsp;L — {{auto cm3in3|2376}} — version of the Ecotec. Both the {{Auto mm|88|1}} bore and {{Auto mm|98|1}} stroke are larger, and [[Variable Valve Timing]] on the intake and exhaust improve low-end torque. Compression is 10.4:1. Power is 164-177&nbsp;hp (123-132&nbsp;kW) and torque is 159-170&nbsp;lb·ft (215-230&nbsp;N·m). The engine uses a reinforced "Gen II" block.


For 1981 Cadillac introduced a new engine that would become notorious for its unreliability (the electronic systems, not the robust mechanical design), the '''V8-6-4''' ('''L62'''). The L61 had not provided a significant improvement in the company's CAFE numbers, so Cadillac and [[Eaton Corporation]] devised a [[displacement on demand|cylinder deactivation]] system called Modulated Displacement that would shut off two or four cylinders in low-load conditions such as highway cruising, then reactivate them when more power was needed. When deactivated, solenoids mounted to those cylinders' rocker-arm studs would disengage the fulcrums, allowing the rockers to "float" and leave the valves closed despite the continued action of the pushrods. These engines are easily identified by their rocker covers, which each have elevated sections over 2 cylinders with electrical connectors on top...  With the valves closed the cylinders acted as air-springs, which both eliminated the feel of "missing" and kept the cylinders warm for instant combustion upon reactivation. Simultaneously, the engine control module would reduce the amount of fuel metered through the TBI unit. On the dashboard, an "MPG Sentinel" digital display could show the number of cylinders in operation, average or instantaneous fuel consumption (in miles per gallon) or estimated range based on the amount of fuel remaining in the tank and the average mileage since the last reset.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2006–2007
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt SS]]
| {{convert|173|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|163}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2008
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt Sport]]
| {{convert|171|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|167}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2006–2008
| [[Chevrolet HHR]]
| {{convert|175|hp|abbr=on}}
| {{auto lbft|165}}
|-
| 2006–2008
| [[Pontiac G5]]/Pursuit
| {{convert|171|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|167}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2006–present
| [[Pontiac G6]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6300 rpm
| {{auto lbft|162}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2006–present
| [[Pontiac Solstice]]
| {{convert|173|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|164}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2006–present
| [[Saturn Sky]]
| {{convert|173|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{auto lbft|166}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2006–2007
| [[Saturn Ion]]
| {{convert|175|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|164}} @ 4800 rpm
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Saturn Aura]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}}
| {{auto lbft|162}}
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Chevrolet Malibu]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}}
| {{auto lbft|162}}
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Saturn Vue]]
| {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm
| {{auto lbft|161}} @ 5100 rpm
|}


Another rare and advanced feature introduced with DFI was Cadillac's truly "on-board" diagnostics. For all those mechanics who had to deal with the 368's, the cars contained diagnostics that didn't require the use of any special external computer scan-tool...  The new Electronic Climate Control display, along with the MPG Sentinel, provided on-board readout of any stored trouble codes, instantaneous readings from all the various engine sensors, forced cycling of the underhood solenoids and motors, and on the V8-6-4 motors, manual cylinder-pair control.  The L62 produced {{Convert|140|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3800 RPM and {{Auto lbft|265}} at 1400 RPM. Cadillac hailed the L62 as a technological masterpiece, and made it standard equipment across the whole Cadillac line.
The LE5 is also used in the following overseas models:
* 2006 GM Taiwan [[Buick LaCrosse]]
* 2006 Shanghai GM [[Buick LaCrosse]]


While cylinder deactivation would make a comeback some 20 years later with modern computing power (and using oil pressure to deactivate the valves by collapsing the lifters) Cadillac's 1981 V8-6-4 proved to have insurmountable teething problems, both mechanically and electronically. The biggest issue was that the engine control computer simply lacked the power to efficiently manage the number of cylinders in operation. In an effort to increase reliability, Cadillac issued 13 updated PROM chips for the engine control modules, but many of these engines simply had their Modulated Displacement function disabled by dealers, leaving them with permanent eight-cylinder operation (it actually only required disconnecting a single wire.) The 368 was dropped for most Cadillac passenger cars after the 1981 model year, although the V8-6-4 remained the standard engine for Fleetwood Limousines and the carbureted 368 remained in the Commercial Chassis through 1984.
===LAT===
The '''LAT''' is the designation used for the 2.4 L '''LE5''' when used in GM's mild hybrid vehicles.


The 368 (essentially a reduced-bore 472 and even sharing the same timing chain) has the distinction of being the last 'big-block' traditional cast-iron pushrod V8 engine available in production cars - it lasted until 1984 in the limousines.  All rival big blocks disappeared between 1976 and 1978.  In the RWD models it was always coupled with the heavy duty THM400 transmission, the last factory-produced GM car to come with this.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2007–present
| [[Saturn Aura#Aura Green Line|Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid]]
| {{convert|164|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6400 rpm
| {{auto lbft|159}} @ 5000 rpm
|-
| 2007
| [[Saturn Vue#Green Line|Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid]]
| {{convert|170|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6600 rpm
| {{auto lbft|162}} @ 4200 rpm
|-
| 2008
| [[Saturn_Vue#Green_Line_2|Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid]]
| {{convert|172|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6500 rpm
| {{auto lbft|167}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
| 2008–present
| [[Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth_Generation|Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
| {{convert|164|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6400 rpm
| {{auto lbft|159}} @ 5000 rpm
|}


===HT-4100===
===LE9===
A new engine was introduced for 1982, the '''HT-4100''' (option code '''LT8'''). It was a 4100&nbsp;cc V8, designed for [[transverse engine|transverse]], [[front wheel drive]] applications. It was originally slated for 1983 and a new line of downsized Cadillac sedans. Delays in the downsizing program (shared with [[Buick]] and [[Oldsmobile]]) postponed the introduction of those models until 1985, and the new V8 was rushed into production for the 1982 model year.
The '''LE9''' is an E85 compatible version of the 2.4 L — {{auto cm3in3|2384}} — '''LE5''' Ecotec. Bore and stroke are {{auto mm|88}} and {{auto mm|98}} and has a compression ratio of 10.4:1, the same as the LE5.


====Design Features====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
''HT'' stood for High Technology. For its time, the engine and its electronic control module (ECM) were quite sophisticated. Despite having a throttle body injection system (as opposed to port fuel injection), the HT4100 used an ECM that for the first time incorporated a detailed on-board computer. Every parameter of engine performance could be displayed on the heater control while the car was being driven. The HT4100 also pioneered other design features including removable cylinder sleeves, high operating temperature for emission control (210 degrees, compared to 180 in earlier engines), free circulation of coolant between the block and the heads, and bimetal construction that mounted heat-tolerant cast-iron heads onto a weight-saving aluminum block. The engine had a bore of {{Auto in|3.465}} and stroke of {{Auto in|3.307}}, for a total displacement of {{Auto L|4.1}}. It initially was equipped with [[Fuel injection#Throttle body injection .28TBI or CFI.29|throttle-body fuel injection]], with output of {{Convert|135|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4400 RPM and {{Auto lbft|190}} of torque at 2000 RPM.
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
|rowspan=2|2009||rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet HHR]]||{{convert|172|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm (gasoline)||{{auto lbft|167}} @ 4500 rpm (gasoline)
|-
|{{convert|176|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm (E85)
|{{auto lbft|170}} @ 5000 rpm (E85)
|}


In 1982 the HT4100 was the standard engine for the front-wheel-drive Eldorado and Seville. It was also placed in many rear-wheel-drive DeVilles, and was available for the Fleetwood.  
===LAP===
The '''LAP''' is a 2.2 L — {{auto cm3in3|2189}} — version of the Ecotec, based on the Gen II block. Bore and stroke are {{auto mm|86}} and {{auto mm|94.6}}, the same as the 2.2 L '''L61'''. Compression ratio is 10.0:1. Major features that set it apart from the 2.2 L L61 are variable-valve-timing and other cylinder head improvements from the 2.4 L LE5.


The HT4100 was prone to failure of the intake manifold gasket. It may not have been the most successful engine to sit under the hood of a Cadillac, but potential buyers were no more satisfied with the other two engines available at the time, the V8-6-4 and the Oldsmobile 5.7&nbsp;L Diesel. Reliability issues soiled the reputation of the HT4100. Kits were sold to retrofit the cars with Chevrolet engines (Buick and Oldsmobile V6s would also fit, but were much harder to install). Sales remained strong, exceeding 100,000 in 1984.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} Cadillac's share of the luxury car market diminished rapidly after 1985{{Fact|date=April 2008}}.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 2009
| [[Chevrolet Cobalt]]
| {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4900 rpm
|-
| 2009
| [[Pontiac G5]]
| {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm
| {{auto lbft|150}} @ 4900 rpm
|}


For 1987 a more powerful version of the 4.1&nbsp;L engine was introduced in the [[Cadillac Allante]], using a different [[camshaft]] profile and roller [[rocker arm]]s to reduce valvetrain friction, in addition to [[Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection .28PFI or EFI or SEFI.29|multiport fuel injection]]. This engine was rated at {{Convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4300 RPM and {{Auto lbft|235}} of torque at 3200 RPM. The 4.1 was superseded by larger-displacement engines, and ceased production after the 1988 model year.
===LE8===
The '''LE8''' is an E85 compatible 2.2 L — {{auto cm3in3|2189}} — version of the '''LAP''' Ecotec. Bore and stroke remain the same {{auto mm|86}} and {{auto mm|94.6}}. Compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine can run on both regular unleaded gasoline or E85.


===4.5===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
|rowspan=2|2009||rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet HHR]]||{{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm (gasoline)||{{auto lbft|150}} @ 4800 rpm (gasoline)
|-
|{{convert|160|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm (E85)
|{{auto lbft|158}} @ 4600 rpm (E85)
|}


Although it was an improved and enlarged version of the HT4100, the 4.5&nbsp;L engine was never called HT4500 by Cadillac.
===LAF===
The '''LAF''' is an direct injected 2.4L that delivers an estimated 180 horsepower (134 kW) @ 6700 rpm and 172 lb.-ft. of torque (232 Nm) @4900 rpm. It uses technology based on GM’s other four-cylinder direct injection applications, but with unique features designed for its specific application. This includes an 11.4:1 compression ratio that helps build power, slightly dished pistons that increase combustion efficiency and injectors with an application-specific flow rate.


Engineering allowed the company to begin increasing displacement and output again. A bored-out (to {{Auto mm|92}}) {{Auto Lrev|273}} '''4.5''' version was introduced in 1988 with {{Convert|155|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and throttle body injection. Various versions of this engine were built from this introduction to the end of production in 1992 including a high-output '''LW2''' version with multiport [[fuel injection]] which produced {{Convert|200|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto lbft|270}} for the [[Cadillac Allante|Allante]]. Outside of the Allante, Cadillac introduced a port fuel injected 4.5 L V8 engine in 1990 with {{Convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto lbft|245}} across their car line up.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Year(s)
! Model
! Power
! Torque
|-
|rowspan=2|2010||rowspan=2|[[Chevrolet Equinox]]||{{convert|182|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6700 rpm (gasoline)||{{auto lbft|172}} @ 4900 rpm (gasoline)
|-


===L26 4.9===
|}


Although an improved and enlarged version of the HT4100, it was never called HT4900 by Cadillac.
==D-TEC/E-TEC II==
[[Holden]] makes various Family II engines for GM India and [[GM Daewoo]] at its [[Melbourne]] plant. Variations include displacements from 1.8&nbsp;L to 2.4&nbsp;L. Unlike the Ecotec engines, the block is made of iron.


A larger version, the '''L26 4.9''', debuted in 1991 at 4.9&nbsp;L with a square {{Auto mm|92}} bore and stroke. Despite the fact that it had similar output to Allante's 4.5&nbsp;L port fuel injected V-8, the 4.9&nbsp;L engine represented a significant upgrade for the remainder of the Cadillac lineup. Horsepower output was up {{Convert|20|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} from the previous 1990 4.5L engine and torque was up by {{Auto lbft|30}}, to {{Convert|200|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto lbft|275}}. Both the 4.9 and 4.5 port fuel injected engines required premium fuel due to a 9.5:1 compression ratio. The 4.9 produces its maximum horsepower at 4100&nbsp;rpm.
===L34===
This is the 2.0&nbsp;L — {{auto cm3in3|1998}} — variant of the engines, featuring an {{auto mm|86}} bore and {{auto mm|86}} stroke. Power is {{convert|119|hp|abbr=on}} at 5400 rpm and torque is {{auto lbft|126}}.


The 4.9 was used throughout the Cadillac line. It was phased out in favor of the newer [[Cadillac Northstar engine]]; production ended in 1995.
The engine has been used on following vehicles:
*[[Chevrolet Optra]]
*[[Chevrolet Evanda]]
*[[Suzuki Reno]]
*[[Suzuki Forenza]]


==Cadillac use of non-Cadillac V8s==
===Seville===
The first Cadillac use of a non-Cadillac V8 was the 1975 [[Cadillac Seville|Seville]], which used an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350&nbsp;in<sup>3</sup> engine]]. It featured Cadillac-exclusive Bendix electronic fuel injection (as distinct from computerized "digital" injection.) It was rated at 180 hp, and the conventional Oldsmobile Rocket 350 had 170 hp. Starting with the second generation Seville, Cadillac powerplants were optioned (L62 and the HT4100); from the third generation (1986), all Sevilles were Cadillac-powered.


===Fleetwood (RWD)/Deville (RWD)/Brougham (RWD)===
===Other models===
From 1982 to 1985, all [[rear-wheel drive]] Cadillacs (except for the limousines) could be ordered with the {{Auto CID|350}} [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#LF9|Oldsmobile '''LF9''']] [[Diesel]] [[V8]]. In fact, for most of its life, the 1980-1985 version of Cadillac's Seville came standard with Oldsmobile's V8 diesel, with the gas engine being a no-cost option.
*1.8&nbsp;L - [[Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[Chevrolet Nubira]], [[Chevrolet Rezzo]]
*''C24SE'', *2.4&nbsp;L [[SOHC]] - [[Isuzu Rodeo]]
*2.4&nbsp;L [[DOHC]] - [[Chevrolet Captiva]], [[Opel Antara]]


From 1986 to 1990, the rear-wheel drive [[Cadillac Brougham]] used a {{Auto Lrev|307}} [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#307|Oldsmobile]] [[carburetor|carbureted]] V8 (replacing the Cadillac HT-4100).  
==GM In Brazil==
[[GM In Brazil]] specializes in [[SOHC]] --non Ecotec-- [[FlexPower]] (alcohol and [[petrol]] powered) iron block engines.


In 1990 a {{Convert|175|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, fuel-injected {{Auto Lrev|350}} [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|Chevrolet small-block]] V8 ([[RPO]] LO5) became optional when the towing package is selected.  
*'''X20XE''' — 2.0&nbsp;L [[SFI]] [[SOHC]] 8V FlexPower
*'''X24XF''' — 2.4&nbsp;L [[MPFI]] [[SOHC]] 8V FlexPower
*'''X24SFD''' — 2.4&nbsp;L [[SFI]] [[DOHC]] 16V FlexPower


In 1991 the Oldsmobile 307 was replaced with a {{Auto Lrev|305}} throttle body fuel-injected [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0|Chevrolet]] V8 (RPO LO3 - same powerplant used in Chevrolet's Caprice and C/K light trucks).  
In 2004, a 2.0&nbsp;L ''MultiPower'' engine was made available for the taxi market which could use gasoline, alcohol and [[Natural gas vehicle|natural gas]].


In 1993 the {{Convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{Auto Lrev|350}} V8 became standard in the newly-renamed [[Cadillac Fleetwood]].  
A 2.0&nbsp;L ''FlexPower'' engine is available for the current Chevrolet Astra and Vectra. The 2006 Chevrolet Vectra also received a 2.4&nbsp;L 16V ''FlexPower'' engine.


In 1994 this was replaced with an iron headed [[Chevrolet Corvette|Chevrolet]] [[GM LT engine#LT1|'''LT1''']] V8 with {{Convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, which the Fleetwood would use until it was discontinued at the end of the 1996 model year.  
==GM In the Ariel Atom==
In late 2005 [[Brammo Motorsports]] struck a deal with GM for a [[Supercharged]] 2.0&nbsp;L Ecotec for their [[Ariel Atom]]. The engine came in various ratings from {{convert|205|hp|abbr=on}} to {{convert|300|hp|abbr=on}}. [[Jay Leno]] received the very first Atom for commercial sale in the US by Brammo.


With the introduction of the Escalade to the Cadillac lineup, the L31 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortec#5700|Vortec 5700] was used, as it was part of the Chevy truck line on which the Escalade was based. In 2001, the new redesigned Escalade picked up the performance version of the 6.0&nbsp;L LS series engine RPO LQ9. Currently this engine is still in use in Cadillac Escalades. All Escalades are AWD. Beginning in 2007 all Cadillac Escalades are equipped with Generation IV 6.2&nbsp;L engines. This new engine option is shared with the GMC Denali.
==GM ECOtec Owner Meets==
GM supports the owners of its ECOtec vehicles by holding owners meets at various auto enthusiast events across the country{{Clarifyme|what country?|date=June 2008}}. These events offer Q&A with ECOtec engine engineers, meet-n-greet's with the GM Race car drivers and inside info before it's released anywhere else. At most events GM brings out cars that are not yet in production to give current owners a "sneak peek" at the new line of ECOtec powered vehicles before they hit the streets.


===CTS-V===
'''2008 ECOtec Owner Meet Schedule'''
The 2003 to 2005 CTS-V's used the previous generation [[Corvette Z06]]'s {{Convert|400|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 5.7&nbsp;L LS6 V8.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Date
! City
! Event
! Location
|-
| 7/12
| Charlotte, NC
| HIN
| Lowe's Motor Speedway
|-
| 7/19
| Orlando, FL
| HIN
| Orange County Convention Center
|-
| 8/16-17
| Richmond, VA
| NOPI
| Virginia International Raceway
|-
| 8/23-24
| Englishtown, NJ
| NOP
| Old Bridge Raceway Park
|-
| 9/20-21
| Atlanta, GA
| NOPI Nationals
| Atlanta Motor Speedway
|-
| 9/27
| Minneapolis, MN
| HIN
| Minneapolis Convention Center
|-
| 10/11
| Dallas, TX
| HIN
| Dallas Convention Center
|}


The 2006 and 2007 Cadillac CTS-V uses the {{Convert|400|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 6.0&nbsp;L LS2 V8, similar to that used in the standard [[Corvette C6]].
==See also==
*[[GM Family 1 engine]]
*[[GM Family 0 engine]]
*[[List of GM engines]]


The 2009 CTS-V carries a supercharged 6.2&nbsp;L LSA variant, producing at least {{Convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (in preliminary ratings). This is similar to the LS9 used in the high-performance 2009 [[Chevrolet Corvette C6 ZR1|Corvette ZR1]], but uses a different model of supercharger (the LS9 produces {{Convert|638|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}).
==References==
 
*{{cite journal|journal=[[Car and Driver]]|issue=May 2000|pages=93|title=Getting Rid of the H-Word|author=Larry Webster}}
==Northstar==
{{main|GM Premium V engine#Northstar}}
Cadillac's most technologically advanced engine since the original arrived in 1992 is the [[DOHC]] [[Cadillac Northstar engine|Northstar]] unit. Although [[Oldsmobile]], [[Pontiac]], and [[Buick]] have borrowed the Northstar architecture for their V8 (and even V6) engines, it was not until the 2004 [[Pontiac Bonneville]] that a non-Cadillac used the Northstar name.
 
The Northstar is broken up into different versions depending on model usage and model year.
 
===4.6 L===
The 275hp version was available starting in 1994 on all models
except Seville STS and Eldorado ESC and the rear-drive Fleetwood.
These models,including the Allante had 300hp versions of the Northstar.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}


300hp (citation needed) on 2000-2005{{Fact|date=December 2008}}
===Notes===
{{reflist}}


315hp on 2005-present
==External links==
{{linkfarm}}
* '''[http://www.kappaperformance.com/ KappaPerformance.com - Performance Forum for the Pontiac Solstice, Saturn Sky, Opel GT & Daewoo G2X]'''
*http://www.seecarclub.net
*http://www.GMTunerSource.com
*http://www.ChevyHHRFamily.net
*http://cobaltss.net
*http://chevyhhr.net
*http://chevyhhrfamily.net
*http://LSJBuildUp.com
*http://redlineforums.com
*http://media.gm.com/us/powertrain/en/product_services/2008/08car.htm
*http://www.turbocobalts.com
*http://www.socalecotecs.com/
*http://www.ionforums.net/
*http://www.clubsaturnquebec.com/
*http://www.z22se.co.uk/
*http://www.ontariocobaltclub.com/


===4.4 L===
[[Category:GM engines|Family II]]
The 4.4&nbsp;L versions were all supercharged, exclusive to Cadillac's V-series. The present STS-V engine, since 2006, produces {{Convert|469|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto lbft|439}} under the SAE certified rating system.
 
The 2006 - 2008 XLR-V uses the same supercharged Northstar V8 as the STS-V, though output is down somewhat due to design changes made to accommodate the model's more limited underhood space. For the XLR-V, the SAE certified output is {{Convert|443|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto lbft|414}}. The supercharger and four intercoolers are built into the intake manifold.
 
The bores were reduced in size to increase block strength, increasing the safety margin under boost.
 
===4.0 L===
This is the Oldsmobile Aurora variant, never installed in a Cadillac. The Aurora's cylinder heads had lower flow characteristics to match the engine's reduced size. The 4.0&nbsp;L engine produces {{convert|250|hp|kW}}.
 
==See also==
From the 1950s through the 1970s, each GM division had its own V8 engine family. Some were shared among other divisions, but each respective design was engineered and developed by its own division:
* [[Buick V8 engine]]
* [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine]]
* [[Chevrolet Big-Block engine]]
* [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]]
* [[Pontiac V8 engine]]
 
GM later standardized on the later generations of the Chevrolet design:
* [[GM LT engine]] — Generation II small-block
* [[GM LS engine]] — Generation III/IV small-block
* [[List of GM engines]]
 
==References==
<references />


[[Category:Cadillac engines|V8]]
[[ca:Motor Family II de GM]]
[[Category:GM engines]]
[[ko:지엠 패밀리 2 엔진]]
[[it:GM Family II]]

Revision as of 15:27, 3 February 2009

The Family II is a straight-4 piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in late 1970s for use in the Opel Ascona B and Opel Kadett D. Over time, the engine block has evolved to include many modern features such as DOHC and fuel injection. Family II has also expanded to include a range of Opel derived 6 cylinder engines. Many General Motors subsidiaries, including Holden, GM do Brasil and recently GM Powertrain have adopted this design. It is also starting to be used in hot rods as an engine swap.

20NE, 20SE, 20SEH, C20NE,

These engines formed the basis of the modern Family II lineup. Configuration was limited to a single over head cam, and 2 Valves per cylinder (8 valves total). The 20NE served as the base, where later Family II motors evolved.

Common features include:

- Cast iron block

- 6 bolt flywheel

- Aluminum head.

- 1998 cc, 86 mm x 86 mm bore/stroke

Individual differences:

Engine Power Torque Ratio Engine Management (Other)
20NE 116 horsepower (87 kW) @ 5200 rpm 175 N·m (129 lb·ft) @ 2600 rpm 9.2:1 Motronic ML 4.1
20SE 122 horsepower (91 kW) 10.0:1 Motronic ML 4.1 High compression pistons
20SEH 130 horsepower (97 kW) @ 5600 rpm 180 N·m (133 lb·ft) 10.0:1 Motronic ML 4.1 High compression pistons; More aggressive camshaft than 20SE
C20NE 115 horsepower (86 kW) @ 5200 rpm 170 N·m (125 lb·ft) @ 2600 rpm 9.2:1 Motronic 1.5/Motronic 1.5.2 Catalytic converter; Lambda sensor.

A South African derivative of the 20SEH engine was used until 1999 in the Astra/Kadett models featuring 10:1 compression ratio and a Bosch Motronic 1.5.4 engine management system. Quoted power was 95 kW (129 PS; 127 hp) and 180 N·m (133 lb·ft) of torque.

The 2 liter 8v OHC engines is used in the base versions of:

20XE, 20XEJ, C20XE, C20LET

The naturally-aspirated 16-valve version of the 2.0 L— 1998 cc (121.9 cu in) — cast iron block engine is the successor to the OHC-engines and a predecessor to the 16-valve Ecotec-line of engines.

This lineup features the same block as the OHC based engines with an 86 mm (3.4 in) bore & stroke and a Cosworth-developed DOHC cylinder head (Cosworth Project KB). The cylinder heads were manufactured by either Cosworth or, at a latter date, Kolben Schmidt. In general, the heads from this lineup are supposed to flow appreciablу better than their Ecotec successors. Power output is rated at 110 kW (150 hp) at 6000 rpm and 196 N·m at 4600 rpm (C20XE) or 156 hp (20XE).

Common features:
-1998 cc (121.9 cu in); 86 mm × 86 mm (3.4 in × 3.4 in) bore x stroke
-Cast iron block
-Aluminium head
-Aluminium oil pan with cooling fins
-Air mass flow meter
-Knock sensors
-Twin Camshafts
-8 bolt flywheel

20XE
-157 hp (117 kW)
-198 N·m (146 lb·ft)
-Compression ratio: 10.8-1
-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.5

C20XE
-150 bhp @ 6000 rpm
-196 N·m (145 lb·ft) @ 4600 rpm
-Compression ratio: 10.8-1
-Catalytic converter
-Lambda sensor
-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.8

C20LET
-204 hp @ 5600 rpm
-280 N·m (207 lb·ft) @ 2400 rpm
-102 bhp/litre
-Compression ratio: 9.0-1
-Catalytic converter
-Lambda sensor
-Different camshafts
-Turbo pressure: 0.6 bars (8.7 psi) continuous with a 0.8 bars (12 psi) overboost
-Engine Management: Bosch Motronic M2.7
-The map sensor is built into the ECU.
-Turbo used in the C20LET: KKK16, integral water cooling and oil lubrication.

These engines were used in:

The turbocharged version of the C20XE, branded C20LET was also offered in the Opel/Vauxhall Calibra and Vectra Turbo. The C20LET is essentially the same as the C20XE, bar the lower compression, forged Mahle pistons turbocharger, Bosh Motronic M2.7 with MAP a sensor. There are also slight revisions to the block which provide an oil inlet/outlet for the turbocharger.

C25XE

Opel later developed a 2.5 liter V6 engine based on the C20XE's design. The V6 powerplant featured four camshafts and 4 valves per cylinder. The C25XE found use in the V6 Calibra/Vectra A/A2/Omega B.


-2498 cc (152.4 cu in)
-170 hp @ 6000 rpm
-226 N·m (167 lb·ft) @ 4200 rpm Engine Management Bosch Motronic 2.8

X20XEV

The first engine Opel branded as Ecotec, a mass-market successor to the C20XE with a Lotus-developed cylinder head. The new cylinder head had a smaller valve angle compared to the older C20XE, which was supposed to give more torque in the lower revs. It is a 1998 cc (121.9 cu in) naturally aspirated engine with 16 valves and belt driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC). 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and stroke in cast iron OHC-derived cylinder block and aluminium cylinder head. X20XEV was equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions and air injection reactor (AIR) to speed up the warming up of the catalytic converter and to reduce unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Power 100 kW / 136 hp.

This engine was used in:

X25XE, X30XE

A V6 engine - essentially an Ecotec version of the C25XE. It has similar design features to the X20XEV - particularly the cylender heads and emission reduction hardware. This engine was used in the Opel Omega.

The X25XE was also used in Later Models of Vectra B from 2000 until 2002. It was to prove popular in Police Vehicles in the UK.

Ecotec

The Ecotec name was adopted in 2000 for the new generation of Family II engines. The name was already used for the Opel GM Family II engine, Family 1 and Family 0 ranges. GM intends this new Ecotec to become its global 4-cylinder.

The Ecotec Family II is a DOHC 4-valve design with an aluminum block and head (L850 for 86 mm bore applications, and L880 for 88 mm bore), designed for displacements from 1.8 to 2.4 L. It was developed by an international team of engineers and technicians from Opel's International Technical Development Center in Rüsselsheim, Germany, GM Powertrain in Pontiac, Michigan, and Saab in Trollhättan, Sweden.[citation needed] Much of the development work on this project was carried out by Lotus Engineering, Hethel, United Kingdom. The engine uses aluminum pistons and cast iron cylinder liners. Vibration is reduced with twin balance shafts.

The current Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and (for Saturn) in Spring Hill, Tennessee.

Turbo

Opel/Vauxhall offers a turbocharged version of the 2.0 L — 1998 cc (121.9 cu in) — Ecotec (the Z20LET) in a cast iron block; it features a square 86 mm (3.38 in) bore and stroke, 9.5:1 compression, 200 hp (147 kW) and 195 lb·ft (265 N·m) of torque.

This engine is used in:

LK9

LK9 is a turbocharged 2.0 L— 1998 cc (121.9 cu in) — version of the L61 utilizing a reinforced sand cast aluminum cylinder head and reinforced internal components. It features an 86 mm (3.39 in) bore and stroke and a 9.5:1 compression ratio. Power is 210 horsepower (160 kW) at 5300 rpm and 220 lb·ft (298 N·m) of torque at 2500 rpm. Maximum boost is 12.3 psi (0.85 bar).

  • 2003–present Saab 9-3

LNF

Ecotec LNF in a Pontiac Solstice

A turbocharged direct injected (redubbed Spark Ignition Direct Injection) Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 Solstice GXP. Displacement is 2.0 L — 1998 cc (121.9 cu in) — with a square 86 mm (3.38 in) bore and stroke. Compression is 9.2:1 and maximum boost is 20.0 psi, delivering 260 hp (194 kW) at 5300 rpm and 260 lb·ft (353 N·m) of torque from 2500–5250 rpm.[1] Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is recommended. The "Gen II" block is similar to the 2.4 L and also features VVT technology.

Unique LNF features[2] include:

  • a twin-scroll turbocharger
  • gasoline direct injection
  • variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust
  • sodium-filled valves
  • oil-cooled low-friction cast pistons

This engine is used in:

It will also be sold and used in:

  • 2009 Fisker Karma

DI

A high-end direct injection version of the 2.2 L Ecotec is available for:

A high-end direct injected 2.4L Ecotec is available for the 2010 Chevy Equinox. This engine makes 180 hp (130 kW; 180 PS) and 172 ft·lbf (233 N·m) of torque, partly due to an 11.4:1 compression ratio[3].

L61

Ecotec L61 engine in a Chevrolet Classic
2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec engine
This engine is also known as a Z22SE in other countries such as The United Kingdom and Australia

The basic Family II architecture was substantially reengineered in 2000, becoming the Ecotec 2.2, model L61 (or L42 for the CNG version). First appearing in the 2000 Saturn LS1, the L61 spread throughout North American GM products, displacing the Quad 4 and its descendents.

Unlike its notably harsh predecessor, the L61 was designed for smoothness. dual in-block balance shafts were integral to the design, and all accessories were mounted directly to the engine block to reduce vibration. The oil filter was cast into the block with a removable cover and replaceable paper element.

Displacement for the 2.2 L engine is 2196 cc (134 cu in) with an 86 mm (3.38 in) bore and 94.6 mm (3.72 in) stroke. Compression is 9.5:1 or 10:1, delivering 135 to 143 hp (101 to 107 kW) and 142 to 152 lb·ft (193 to 206 N·m) of torque. The Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and (for Saturn) in Spring Hill, Tennessee. The L61-powered Saturn Ion replaced the Saturn-powered Saturn S-Series.

There are a few variations to the standard L61. The new Chevrolet Malibu uses a version with electronic throttle control and a special unitized exhaust manifold and catalytic converter. The 2003 Saturn L-Series has a high output version with higher (10:1) compression and more aggressive camshaft. The Malibu and Saturn versions also use return-less fuel injection. The 2002 Saturn VUE was the first North American variant of the L61 to be equipped with electronic throttle control, whereas other applications did not arise until 2005 in the Saturn ION and Chevrolet Cobalt.

In 2007 the L61 was upgraded with a second generation cylinder case, Coil on plug ignition, 58x crankshaft position sensing and a 32-bit computer.

The 2.2 L Ecotec is used in the following cars:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2002–2005 Chevrolet Cavalier 140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2004 Chevrolet Classic (Malibu) 144 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm 155 lb·ft (210 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2005–2006 Chevrolet Cobalt 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm 155 lb·ft (210 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2007–2008 148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm 152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4200 rpm
2006 Chevrolet HHR 143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2007–2008 Chevrolet HHR 149 hp (111 kW) @ 5600 rpm 152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2002–2004 Oldsmobile Alero 140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2002–2005 Pontiac Grand Am 140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2002–2005 Pontiac Sunfire 140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2005–2008 Pontiac G5/Pursuit 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm 155 lb·ft (210 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2003–2005 Saturn L-Series (high output) 140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm 145 lb·ft (197 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2003–2007 Saturn Ion 140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm 145 lb·ft (197 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2002–2007 Saturn VUE 143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm 155 lb·ft (210 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2001–2005 Vauxhall VX220/Opel Speedster 147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Astra
Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Vectra
Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Zafira/Subaru Traviq

Following the GM-Fiat agreement, the 2.2 L engine is also used in

  • Fiat Croma
  • Alfa Romeo 159

L42

The Ecotec 2.2, model L42 is the CNG version of the Ecotec 2.2. It delivers 129 hp (96 kW) and 129 lb·ft (175 N·m).

LSJ

Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 Saturn Ion Red Line

The LSJ is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec with an Eaton M62 Roots-type supercharger and air-to-liquid intercooler. It is rated at 205 hp (153 kW) at 5600 rpm and 200 lb·ft (271 N·m) at 4400 rpm with a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a 6500 rpm redline. With the end of the Chevy Cobalt S/C SS and Saturn Ion Red Line, The LSJ will no longer be available in a production car after 2007.

The LSJ was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2006.

This engine is used in:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2004–2007 Saturn Ion Red Line 205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm 200 lb·ft (271 N·m) @ 4400 rpm
2005–2007 Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged Coupe 205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm 200 lb·ft (271 N·m) @ 4400 rpm

LE5

Ecotec LE5 engine in a 2006 Pontiac Solstice

The LE5 is a larger 2.4 L — 2376 cc (144.9 cu in) — version of the Ecotec. Both the 88 mm (3.5 in) bore and 98 mm (3.9 in) stroke are larger, and Variable Valve Timing on the intake and exhaust improve low-end torque. Compression is 10.4:1. Power is 164-177 hp (123-132 kW) and torque is 159-170 lb·ft (215-230 N·m). The engine uses a reinforced "Gen II" block.

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2006–2007 Chevrolet Cobalt SS 173 hp (129 kW) @ 6200 rpm 163 lb·ft (221 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2008 Chevrolet Cobalt Sport 171 hp (128 kW) @ 6200 rpm 167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2006–2008 Chevrolet HHR 175 hp (130 kW) 165 lb·ft (224 N·m)
2006–2008 Pontiac G5/Pursuit 171 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm 167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–present Pontiac G6 169 hp (126 kW) @ 6300 rpm 162 lb·ft (220 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–present Pontiac Solstice 173 hp (129 kW) @ 5800 rpm 164 lb·ft (222 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–present Saturn Sky 173 hp (129 kW) @ 5800 rpm 166 lb·ft (225 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2006–2007 Saturn Ion 175 hp (130 kW) @ 6200 rpm 164 lb·ft (222 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2008–present Saturn Aura 169 hp (126 kW) 162 lb·ft (220 N·m)
2008–present Chevrolet Malibu 169 hp (126 kW) 162 lb·ft (220 N·m)
2008–present Saturn Vue 169 hp (126 kW) @ 6200 rpm 161 lb·ft (218 N·m) @ 5100 rpm

The LE5 is also used in the following overseas models:

  • 2006 GM Taiwan Buick LaCrosse
  • 2006 Shanghai GM Buick LaCrosse

LAT

The LAT is the designation used for the 2.4 L LE5 when used in GM's mild hybrid vehicles.

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2007–present Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid 164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm 159 lb·ft (216 N·m) @ 5000 rpm
2007 Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid 170 hp (130 kW) @ 6600 rpm 162 lb·ft (220 N·m) @ 4200 rpm
2008 Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid 172 hp (128 kW) @ 6500 rpm 167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2008–present Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm 159 lb·ft (216 N·m) @ 5000 rpm

LE9

The LE9 is an E85 compatible version of the 2.4 L — 2384 cc (145.4 cu in) — LE5 Ecotec. Bore and stroke are 88 mm (3.5 in) and 98 mm (3.9 in) and has a compression ratio of 10.4:1, the same as the LE5.

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2009 Chevrolet HHR 172 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm (gasoline) 167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4500 rpm (gasoline)
176 hp (131 kW) @ 5800 rpm (E85) 170 lb·ft (230 N·m) @ 5000 rpm (E85)

LAP

The LAP is a 2.2 L — 2189 cc (133.5 cu in) — version of the Ecotec, based on the Gen II block. Bore and stroke are 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.7 in), the same as the 2.2 L L61. Compression ratio is 10.0:1. Major features that set it apart from the 2.2 L L61 are variable-valve-timing and other cylinder head improvements from the 2.4 L LE5.

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2009 Chevrolet Cobalt 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4900 rpm
2009 Pontiac G5 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4900 rpm

LE8

The LE8 is an E85 compatible 2.2 L — 2189 cc (133.5 cu in) — version of the LAP Ecotec. Bore and stroke remain the same 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.7 in). Compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine can run on both regular unleaded gasoline or E85.

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2009 Chevrolet HHR 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm (gasoline) 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4800 rpm (gasoline)
160 hp (120 kW) @ 6000 rpm (E85) 158 lb·ft (214 N·m) @ 4600 rpm (E85)

LAF

The LAF is an direct injected 2.4L that delivers an estimated 180 horsepower (134 kW) @ 6700 rpm and 172 lb.-ft. of torque (232 Nm) @4900 rpm. It uses technology based on GM’s other four-cylinder direct injection applications, but with unique features designed for its specific application. This includes an 11.4:1 compression ratio that helps build power, slightly dished pistons that increase combustion efficiency and injectors with an application-specific flow rate.

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2010 Chevrolet Equinox 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm (gasoline) 172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm (gasoline)

D-TEC/E-TEC II

Holden makes various Family II engines for GM India and GM Daewoo at its Melbourne plant. Variations include displacements from 1.8 L to 2.4 L. Unlike the Ecotec engines, the block is made of iron.

L34

This is the 2.0 L — 1998 cc (121.9 cu in) — variant of the engines, featuring an 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and 86 mm (3.4 in) stroke. Power is 119 hp (89 kW) at 5400 rpm and torque is 126 lb·ft (171 N·m).

The engine has been used on following vehicles:


Other models

GM In Brazil

GM In Brazil specializes in SOHC --non Ecotec-- FlexPower (alcohol and petrol powered) iron block engines.

  • X20XE — 2.0 L SFI SOHC 8V FlexPower
  • X24XF — 2.4 L MPFI SOHC 8V FlexPower
  • X24SFD — 2.4 L SFI DOHC 16V FlexPower

In 2004, a 2.0 L MultiPower engine was made available for the taxi market which could use gasoline, alcohol and natural gas.

A 2.0 L FlexPower engine is available for the current Chevrolet Astra and Vectra. The 2006 Chevrolet Vectra also received a 2.4 L 16V FlexPower engine.

GM In the Ariel Atom

In late 2005 Brammo Motorsports struck a deal with GM for a Supercharged 2.0 L Ecotec for their Ariel Atom. The engine came in various ratings from 205 hp (153 kW) to 300 hp (220 kW). Jay Leno received the very first Atom for commercial sale in the US by Brammo.

GM ECOtec Owner Meets

GM supports the owners of its ECOtec vehicles by holding owners meets at various auto enthusiast events across the country[clarification needed]. These events offer Q&A with ECOtec engine engineers, meet-n-greet's with the GM Race car drivers and inside info before it's released anywhere else. At most events GM brings out cars that are not yet in production to give current owners a "sneak peek" at the new line of ECOtec powered vehicles before they hit the streets.

2008 ECOtec Owner Meet Schedule

Date City Event Location
7/12 Charlotte, NC HIN Lowe's Motor Speedway
7/19 Orlando, FL HIN Orange County Convention Center
8/16-17 Richmond, VA NOPI Virginia International Raceway
8/23-24 Englishtown, NJ NOP Old Bridge Raceway Park
9/20-21 Atlanta, GA NOPI Nationals Atlanta Motor Speedway
9/27 Minneapolis, MN HIN Minneapolis Convention Center
10/11 Dallas, TX HIN Dallas Convention Center

See also

References

  • Larry Webster. "Getting Rid of the H-Word". Car and Driver (May 2000): 93. 

Notes

  1. ↑ "Turbo ECOTEC 2.0L". http://www.pontiac.com/solstice/specs_performance.jsp. Retrieved on March 26. 
  2. ↑ "Big Power, Small Package". AutoWeek. http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060403/FREE/60403004/1024/LATESTNEWS. Retrieved on 2006. 
  3. ↑ Roth, Dan (17 December 2008). "DI FTW: GM unveils new direct-injection 2.4L EcoTec and 3.0L V6". autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/18/di-ftw-gm-new-direct-inject-2-4l-ecotec-and-3-0l-v6. Retrieved on 17 December 2008. 

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